Marketing an Introduction Essay

Micro environment Marketing management their job is to build strong relationships with customers by creating customer value and satisfaction. But marketing managers cannot do this alone. Marketing success will require building relationships with other company departments, suppliers , marketing intermediaries , customers , competitors and various publics. The company Marketing managers must work closely with other company departments. Other departments have an impact on the marketing departments plans and actions. All of these functions must â€Å"think consumer†. Suppliers Suppliers form an important link in the company’s overall customer value delivery system. They provide the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. Supplier problems can seriously affect marketing. Rising supply costs may force price increases that can harm the company’s sales volume. Marketers build strong relationships with its suppliers. Marketing intermediaries Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote , sell and distribute its products to final buyers. Includes resellers , physical distribution firms , marketing services agencies and financial intermediaries. * Resellers : distribution channel firms that help the company find customers or make sales for them. These include wholesalers and retailers who buy and resell merchandise. * Physical distribution firms : Help the company to stock and move goods from their points of origin to their destinations. * Marketing services agencies : Marketing research firms , advertising agencies , media firms , and marketing consulting firms. * Financial intermediaries : Banks , credit companies , insurance companies and other financial institutions or insurance institutions against the risks associated with the buying and selling of goods. Today’s marketers know the importance of working with their intermediaries as partners. Competitors A company must provide greater customer value and satisfaction than its competitors do. Marketers need to do more than simply adapt to the needs of their customers. You need a strategy as a firm. Publics Public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives. There are seven types of publics 1) Financial publics : This group influences the company’s ability to obtain funds 2) Media publics : This group carries news , features and editorial opinion. 3) Government publics : Management must take government developments into account. (Product safety , truth in advertising and other matters) 4) Citizen-action public : A company’s marketing decisions may be questioned by consumer organizations , environmental groups , minority groups and others. PR can help to stay in touch with consumers and citizen groups 5) Local publics : Relation with neighborhood residents and community organizations. 6) General public : The general public and their opinions and the company and their products 7) Internal publics : Workers , managers , volunteers and the board of directors. Customers Customers are the most important actors in the company’s micro environment. The main point is to serve the consumer and make them your customer. 1) Consumer market : Households and individuals 2) Business market :buy goods or services for further processing. 3) reseller markets : Buy goods or services to resell it at a profit 4) Government markets : Buy goods or services to produce publics services or transfer the goods to those who need them. 5) International markets : Buyers in other countries could be consumers , business , resellers and governments. Macro environment External factors that may be a threat to a company. There are 6 macro environmental elements: Demographic Demography is the study of human populations in terms of size , density , location , age , gender , race , occupation and other statistics. Demography has a huge impact on marketing because it involves people and people make up markets. The world ‘s large and highly diverse population poses both opportunities and challenges. Marketers have to keep a close watch on the demographic trends and developments in their markets , at home and abroad. Generations : * Baby boomers : Born between 1946-1964. One of the most powerful forces shaping the marketing environment. They have had many good years but now with a sharp decline in stock prices and home values , many baby boomers are now spending more carefully and planning to work longer. * Generation X : Born between 1965-1976. They lie in the shadow of the baby boomers. Not materialistic. First generation of parental divorce and working moms. â€Å"The MTV generation†. They are spending more carefully. Many companies are focusing one Generation X als target segment. * Millennials/Generation Y : Born between 1977-2000 This group includes several age cohorts – Tweens (9-12) – Teens (13-18) – Young adults (19-32) With a big purchase power they are an attractive market for business. This generation is fluent with the digital technology. They don’t embrace technology , it is a way of life. Generational Marketing : Do marketers have to make different products for each generation ? Defining people by their birthdate may be less effective than segmenting them by their lifestyle , life stage or the common values they seek in products they buy. The traditional household has disappeared and marketers must increasingly consider the special needs of non-traditional households , because they are now growing more rapidly than traditional households. Each group has distinctive needs and buying habits. Geographic shifts : People move all the time. Such population shifts interest marketers because people in different regions buy differently. (Migration from North to South , East to West , City to suburban areas etc) Better educated population : The rising number of well educated people will increase the demand for quality products , books , magazines, travel , personal computers and internet services. Increasing diversity : Countries vary in their ethnic and racial make up. One nation has just one culture and another nation has loads of cultures within their own culture. Marketers have to take that in account nowadays. They make products to one or more groups. But it can also be differences in your sexual orientation that marketers take in account. Another diversity segment is for adults with disabilities. Marketers take advantage of opportunities in fast growing segments. Economic Environment Consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Marketers must pay close attention to major trends and consumer spending patterns. Nations vary greatly in their levels and distribution of income. Some countries have industrial economies , which constitute rich markets for many different kinds of goods. Subsistence economies : They consume most of their own agricultural and industrial goods. In between are developing economies which can offer outstanding marketing oppurtunities for the right kind of products. Changes in income and spending : People could spend loads of money until the economic crisis showed up. The economic meltdown has been psychologically wrenching after a quarter century of prosperity. People live back to basic and adopted their lifestyle , and their spending pattern. Marketers are now trying to give people good quality for a good and fair price. Marketers should pay attention to income distribution as well as income levels. Changing consumer spending patterns : Consumers of different income levels have different spending patterns. Engel’s law : When the income increases , the percentage spent on food declines , the percentage spent on housing remains constant and the percentage spent on most other categories and that devoted to savings increase. Natural Environment Involves the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. Environmental concerns have grown the last three decades. Global warming is a hot issue. Marketers should be aware of several trends in the natural environment. First involves growing shortages of raw material such as water pollution and air pollution. Second is increased pollution : The industry will amost always damage the quality of the natural environment ( Chemical and nuclear wastes) Third trend is increased government intervention in natural resource management. One government cares more than the other. Today companies are developing strategies and practices that support environmental sustainability an effort to create a world economy that the planet can support indefinitely. The consumer responds with an increasing demand for environmental responsible products. Other companies are developing recyclable or biodegradable packaging , recycled materials and components , better pollution controls , and more energy-efficient operations. Technological environment The technological environment is perhaps the most dramatic force now , shaping our destiny. Technology has created miracles with medicines , surgery , electronics and internet. But also horrors as nuclear weapons m chemical weapons and assault rifles. The technological environment changes rapidly. New technologies creates new markets and opportunities. However every new technology replaces an old one. Marketers should keep themselves up to date or soon their products will be outdated. As products and technology become more complex , the public needs to know that these are safe. Thus the government agencies investigate and ban potentially unsafe products. Political and Social Environment Marketing decisions are strong affected by developments in the political environment. It consists laws , government agencies and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society

Google Inc: Swot Analysis

Google Inc. : SWOT analysis Introduction: Google was started as a research project by two Stanford PhD students named Sergey Brin and Larry page. They registered the domain name google. com in the year 1997 and in September 1998, it became a privately owned incorporate Google Inc. With its extensive research on search algorithms and use of state of the art technology, Google successfully established its brand name in internet search engines market. By the year 2004, Google came up covering over 75% of US web search market. Though Google is a dominating player in internet searching market, it has to compete with its rivals in this field where there is no long time entry barrier. Google can expand / change its business model to survive in this best search engine race. SWOT Analysis:* Strengths:* †¢ Google – Already number one search engine has established a brand name, in which its users trust. It’s dependable, reliable and fast. †¢ Google needs very little end user marketing as the name itself is getting word by mouth publicity. Google has a simple interface and it gives comprehensive results without confusing its users. †¢ Google has low operation cost as it uses low cost UNIX web servers for indexing millions of web pages across internet. †¢ Google has hired PhDs who are continuously working hard in order to enhance search algorithms and make searching faster, efficient and relevant. †¢ By 2003, Google has already powered over 75% of the 300 million searches cond ucted daily in the U. S. and 300 million plus outside the U. S. Google provides an interface to 88 languages to make it comfortable to search for its users in different countries. †¢ Google uses state of the art search technology to index pages regularly in order to give most updated results to its users. †¢ Google also weights the votes and ranks web pages with its PageRank technology to give its user access to most important pages first. †¢ Google is not biased towards advertisers. It clearly separates relevant advertisements and actual results by giving â€Å"Sponsored Links† tag to sponsored results when user searches to get information with some keyword. Moreover, it also ranks sponsored links to keep most relevant sponsored links on the top. †¢ Google offers localized search called â€Å"search by location† where users can get results showing vendors, products and services nearby their areas. †¢ Google also has a range of innovative additional services like Images, Groups, Directory, and News. Google didn’t complicate its website by making itself a portal; rather it kept tabs for these services on its homepage so users can easily navigate and that also keeps the website as simple as it was earlier. Google has also come up with solutions for wireless handheld devices, personalized toolbars, catalogues which are added essence strengths. †¢ Google quickly routes the user to the webpage and doesn’t linger for ad revenue. *Weaknesses:* †¢ Many spammers manipulate Google’s ranking technology by creating dummy sites with thousands of links to pages that they wanted Google to rank highly. â₠¬ ¢ Google’s link based ranking did not employ actual traffic analysis. Google’s Cost Per Click advertising charging and ranking policy is confusing and makes it difficult for marketers to predict where their ads would be positioned and how much they would cost. †¢ Google’s contextual advertising was perceived by marketers to be less effective in generating sales because visitors to web pages showing editorial content were less likely than searchers to be ready to buy. †¢ Contextual search algorithms are not 100% perfect and many times make mistakes. Google’s localized search algorithms too sometimes result in errors due to automated indexing. †¢ Google’s business model is complex, depending upon both google. com and mass market portals for its revenue. †¢ Although Google is a dominating player among search engine websites, only 50% to 65% of web search queries are answered accurately by it. †¢ Google doesn’t have â €Å"sticky† like Yahoo! And MSN have which can attract users. †¢ Google doesn’t have highly personalized search by which it could charge users with switching cost if they decide to leave Google’s services.

Cache coherence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cache coherence - Term Paper Example The problem of cache coherence in hardware is reduced in today’s microprocessors through the implementation of various cache coherence protocols. This article reviews literature on cache coherence with particular attention to cache coherence problem, and the protocols-both hardware and software that have been proposed to solve it. Most importantly, it identifies a specific problem associated with cache coherence and proposes a novel solution. Keywords: microprocessor, latency, cache coherence, bandwidth, multiprocessor, cache coherence protocol, shared memory, multicore processor I. Introduction Currently, there is undeniable interest in the computer architecture domain with regard to shared-memory multiprocessors. Often, proposed multiprocessor designs include a reserved cache for each processor within the system. This, in turn, results in the cache coherence problem (Cheng, Carter, & Dai, 2007). This situation, in which several caches are allowed to have simultaneous copies of a certain memory location, requires that a certain memory location be in place. This is to make sure that when the contents of that particular memory location are changed, there needs to be a mechanism that ensures all copies remain unchanged. Consequently, some systems employ a software mechanism to ensure multiple copies do not occur. This it achieved by labeling shared blocks so that they are not cached (Chang & Sohi, 2006). Additionally, task data in all caches are prohibited or restricted from migration. Alternatively, all blocks may be allowed to be cached by all processors and to depend on a cache coherence protocol to be responsible of ensuring that there is consistency. Various such protocols have been proposed, designed and/or described with some ideal for shared-bus and others specifically suitable for a general-purpose interconnection network. There is a substantial difference between shared-bus protocols and general network protocols. Firstly, share-bus protocols dep end on every cache controller monitoring the bus transactions of all the other processors within the system and take appropriate action to ensure consistency is maintained. Secondly, each block’s state within the system is encoded in a distributed manner among all other cache controllers. As such, the cache controllers are able to monitor the traffic of the bus for the purposes of coherence; these are referred to as snooping cache controllers (Kurian et al., 2010). Recently, many studies and researches have been conducted and have mainly focused on shared-memory multiprocessors. They are common mainly because of their simple programming model, which means that they are simple to implement. Normally, address space is shared among all multiprocessors. This enables them to communicate to one another via a solitary address space. As had been earlier noted, a system with cache coherence results in the event that there is same cache block within multiple caches (Stenstrom, 1990). W hen such a scenario occurs, it does not affect the read process; however, in the event that a processor, for writes, writes to a single location, the resulting change must be updated to all caches. Therefore, cache coherence, according to (Archibald & Baer, 1986), refers to all caches having consistence data in the event of data write.

Film script Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film script - Essay Example But her daddy and most members of her family who were also teachers really wanted Apple to try being a teacher for once. Her hopes were gone but her options were limited and so she had to prepare for her National Service to be a teacher. Her parents who did not want Apple to know that they were happy she was going to be part of the family profession after all for at least one year pretended to be sharing in her displeasure. They helped her relocate and before she realized, she had started teaching a class of 34 students in a very remote village. The whole condition of service was not appealing because she was without most of the luxuries she received from her lovely family back home. Sudden Invitation to Fly As a way of proving a point to Apple that she was surely going to succeed into become a very great teacher, her parents called her very often to encourage her and provide her with almost every other thing they thought would make her life a good one. But Apple was just refusing to adjust, given the fact that she was seeing herself as a round peg in a square hole. One Friday afternoon after her second break, she saw a Mercedes Benz car come to pack in the compound of her school. Readily, she identified the car as that of her head of department, back at the university. Apple was invited to the office of her headmistress and the news she was met with was the greatest shock she was yet to receive in her life. Her head of department informed her that he had been asked to bring one female girl from her department to undertake a Masters Level scholarship program as an international student in Cameroon, Africa and that she was the one he had spotted to go. Traveling abroad had always been the ambition of Apple, no matter where the opportunity was going to fall. But inwardly, what was going to be even more satisfying was the fact that she was going to leave the classroom. This did not even make her think of the fact that the departure was going to be as sudden as onl y 1 week away. 1 Week of Absolute Silence Within a very short time, all the necessary processes had gone through and Apple was set to leave her beloved parents for an entirely new continent, which was the African continent. The Master Program she was going to pursue was a delight for her but the experience of exploring the much talked about African continent was another area of motivation. To her dismay, Apple will arrive in Cameroon as a total stranger than she thought she was actually going to be. Apple suffered the disadvantage of technology that makes us no longer give meaning to the use of paper and pen. This is because upon reaching Cameroon, her phone got automatically locked for change in point of registration. Meanwhile, she did not have the phone numbers of any of her family members off head. Not even that of her newly found boyfriend back home could be recalled off head. As though it was going to be a problem she was going to overcome easily, for a whole week, she had not got someone around to unlock her phone for her. After two days of not having the means for her people to know her fate, desperation, anxiety and disappointment started setting in. by the time the first week was over and her phone was successfully unlocked, she had not seen anything like sleep, eating or learning. This is because her concentration was totally gone. Even though she had access to emails, she found her dad had not been checking his mails frequently. Lack of Adjustability

Teddington Tennis Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teddington Tennis Club - Essay Example The form basically offers two options for the user. One, to view previous results and two, to enter results online. Initially, the user has to choose on the year of competition, then the week and finally the teams to play for that week. From here the option varies. The user can either view the results if the year selected is in the past or else can update the results for present and future games. This is done by virtually hiding all the controls present in the form until the user clicks on the appropriate buttons which are ‘View’ and ‘Update’ (the names are self-explanatory). This is done by marking a tag to all these controls and setting their visible property to ‘false’. A sample piece of code is shown below. Once these are decided, the user can select the ‘GO’ button, to view the result input boxes filled with players’ names adjacent to them. Once the user fills and clicks on ‘Save’, the data gets stored in appropriate tables. The query used to update these values is given below: The creation of the financial report detailing the players who are members for current fiscal and those who do not basically depend on the data available in the two tables namely, ‘Members’ and ‘Players’. These tables contain details regarding the players, their member ids, and their membership details. The report is created using the Report Wizard of MS Access which lists out the fields that need to be presented in the report in addition to the variables based on which the report has to be ordered. The report is generated by analyzing the value of the ‘Members’ table field column, current which mentions whether the player is a member or not. If the value for a member id is ‘Y’, the player is a member and if ‘N’, the player has to renew is membership. Based on the member ID and Player Id relationship, the player details are obtained from the player table. An example of the report that was generated for the current year is shown below.

Men in Nursing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Men in Nursing - Literature review Example Such understandings can cause escalation in the understanding of the obstacles that influence the staffing and retaining of men in the occupation, and they are dynamic if nursing is to grow, not only staffing policies focused on males, but more significantly, retention strategies that address current and uninterrupted gender relations that impact all nurses lives. Historical accounts of the monastic movement, dating back to the fourth and fifth centuries, show that people of the male gender participated actively in the provision or nursing care and protection to the ailing as members of religious groups. The Command of St John of Jerusalem, an order of military knights or knight’s hospitallers was the first of many orders of nobility established in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Cavaliers of St John of Jerusalem who defended Jerusalem during the crusades, later provided protection to travelling pilgrims and also built hospitals and castles across Europe that served as both lodgings for pilgrims and places to nurse the sick. This order continues to operate as the St John Ambulance Link, an organization formed to offer people the necessary training required to caater for the health needs of the injured and ill, in 1877. Men as nurses also participated in non-military nursing orders such as the Brothers of St Anthony. This order, founded in 1095, cared for victims of erysipelas, a disfiguring skin disease later called St Anthony’s fire. Other orders included the Hospitallers of St John of God, founded in the late sixteenth century in Spain, and the Alexian Brothers, who became a religious order in 1472 (Kauffman 1976). The Alexians, an order of uneducated craftsmen, preached the word of God and provided basic healthcare to the lowly in society in ancient Europe (Kauffman 1976). It was a culture of the Alexians to burry the dead, and the ministry gained momentum and appreciation during the plague years of the fourteenth and fifteenth centurie s. With the final disappearance of the plague in the eighteenth century, the Alexian Brothers gained fame because of their work. The insignificant, but rising number of males in the nursing occupation does not herald a liberal integration of male and female sex roles. The confirmation presented in this paper proposes that even in female-conquered jobs such as nursing, male-controlled gender associations which reflect a tall estimate of all that is manlike and masculine, play an important role in situating an uneven number of males in managerial and elite department positions. At the core of this sex dynamic is the need to detach the masculine from the less valued female. Male harbors do this by staffing plans that allow them to detach themselves from female coworkers and the quintessential female image of nursing itself, as a precondition to uplifting their own status and authority. They are assisted in this mission by male-controlled cultural organizations that craft and spread mal e benefit, as well as by female nurses themselves who, deliberately or automatically, nurture the vocations of male coworkers (Wheeler 1991). The low status of women in a society controlled by the male gender is manifest in the female dominated occupation of nursing. Here, stereotypical feminine traits of nurturing, caring, dependence and submission

Issues in human resource management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in human resource management - Assignment Example The industry faced major difficulties in generating revenue from the organisation. Reduced tourists and increased costs have affected the revenue growth for the industry. This situation was experienced by Hilton Worldwide, one of the biggest hotel chains based in the United States (Scribd Inc., 2012). Hilton Worldwide employs more than 100,000 team members in 665 properties across different nations (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). Thus, the costs incurred in managing human capital is huge and has become a concerning factor for the hotel chain. Three key issues that have been identified, do not imply only for the Hilton Worldwide, but is applicable throughout the industry. The issues that have emerged due to the recent recession include the transition and resistance of the employees, training and development costs, and engagement and commitment towards an organisation. Recession has discouraged companies to spend unnecessary costs for the top level managers, such as, official tours, business trips and corporate meetings that have indirectly affected the hospitality and tourism industry worldwide. The study surveys these issues through theoretical studies and practical implementations and finds different ways to tackle them. Furthermore, managing and retaining human capital cost effectively in the recession affected period will be discussed. HR Issue 1: Transition and Resistance Change is a common aspect for all organisations irrespective of countries of operation. The change can be in the processes, style of operating and implementing modern techniques among others that the leaders feel is essential for an organisation. As identified by Helps (2001), being in transition is often uncomfortable, uncertain and inconsistent. She further states that organisations face obstructions at different points or remain stagnant for considerable periods at a stage. Moreover, she stated that psychological factors do emerge in the minds of the employees while undergoing personal change for the organisation. Thus, it can be proposed that leaders should keep the psychological factors, such as depression, anger, disbelief and few more barriers that concern the employees going through the transitional phase. According to Elrod & Tippett (2002), change is constant that arises due to the variety in life and business events. They discuss the relationship between change and development models and recognise the link between leader and organisational development. Furthermore, they use Lewin’s model of change, unfreezing-moving-refreezing the three stages of change process. Lewin in his theory stated that in the unfreezing stage the organisations need to create an appropriate condition for the change to occur. At this stage, the resistance to change may be identical and initially can cause discomfort to even the beneficial employees. The objective of this stage is to make employees move from the ‘frozen’ state to ‘change ready’ or unfrozen s tate. The second stage i.e. moving or transition stage is described as the journey of the transitional process that involves psychological barriers and confusions. Employees are concerned as the old processes are being replaced and simultaneously curious for knowing the new process. Good leadership and psychological support is essential in this stage. The third stage is referred to refreezing stage where the goal is to reinstate a new place of constancy and ensure that

An inportant Miami building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An inportant Miami building - Essay Example Davis construction company. It is considered a good example of Spanish renaissance architecture given the design and components of the building. The following is a discussion of the style and components of the building. The design of the building was undertaken in 1927 by Phineas Paist, in July 1927 construction of the building began and completed in February 1928. Construction was undertaken by P. Davis Construction Company and total construction costs amounted to over $200 thousand, the hurricane that struck in 1926 led to a financial crisis and therefore the government had no option but to sell bonds in order to finance the construction of the city hall. Only two internal modifications have been undertaken one in 1956 and the other in 1958, the first modification which was in 1956 involved creating more room in the second floor, originally the second floor rooms were lit by the numerous windows on the semicircular side of the building, these windows were sealed and the room enlarged to create more room for public seating. In 1958 the first floor was modified to create room for more counters and during this modification new drop ceiling and lighting were installed. It is a three storey building containing ... The image above shows the semicircular wing, the rectangular wing and the tower. Descriptions: a. Exterior: The building is constructed in the Spanish renaissance style, it is a three storey apsidal shaped structure with a semicircular shaped part and rectangular shaped part, the semicircular shaped part is supported by twelve cylindrical concrete pillars and the wall below this shape has ten windows and four doors all spaced at regular intervals, on top of the semicircular part of the building are two flags post on each side. The top of the building is a three tier stone tower, each tier is square shape and that each tier is smaller than the lower tier. The top tier has a clock on each of the four sides and above it is a bronze bell that weighs 500 pounds. The middle tier has a square window on each side while the bottom tier is made of stone walls. The building has three entrances and this include the north, west and south entrance, the north entrance is the main entrance and has a panel supported by pillars containing the name City Hall. The south entrance has a balcony above two windows of the ground floor and it is supported by pillars while the west entrance also has a balcony supported by pillars. Each floor has a belt coursing and different from the others and this means that each floor has a different design, the first floor has no decorations and columns are ordered, the second floor is extensively decorated and has larger windows than the first floor, the third floor has smaller windows than the second floor, and finally the roof is made of Cuban barrel tiles. It is therefore evident that the exterior and interior design resembles Spanish renaissance architecture, and this is due to

AI and its Future-Altering Impacts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AI and its Future-Altering Impacts - Case Study Example This comparison is related to the MIS process because it is a complex issue to understand yet it is needed in the world right now. It is meant to improve human functions in the world and make work easier. 2. The author states that, ‘Kurzweil suggests that the progress of the entire 20th century would have been achieved in only 20 years at the rate of advancement in the year 2000’ (Urban, n.d). I agree with the author because the rate of growth and progress when compared from generation to generation shows that it has been increasing over time. The rate of growth in the twentieth century was slow compared to the rate of growth in the year 2000. With the technological differences in the year 2000 coupled with other changes in discoveries and infrastructure, it is indeed true that the progress of the entire 20th century could have been achieved in 20 years time, in the year 2000. There is a relation to consider in terms of behavioral tendencies because people behave differently at different times because behavior is influenced by different circumstances, occurrences and state of being. Therefore, behavioral tendencies are bound to change over time. a) That then it comes to history, people think in straight lines meaning that to predict what will happen in the future, people tend to look back instead of exponentially and judge from current and past rates of change. This makes people think erroneously of the future. b) People use the trajectory of recent years, which does not often show the real picture. Growth and change do not occur in similar ways all the time, therefore judging future outcomes from recent changes is erroneous. c) People’s experiences make them stubborn about understanding the future. People judge the world based on personal experience, which limits their thinking and imagination of the future. This makes them make poor, subjective and wrong judgments about the

Managment and People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managment and People - Essay Example These problems are related to team building and could have been avoided if an effective team building strategy was adopted. One of the problems that are very conspicuous in the case study is lack of cohesiveness and coordination in the team processes. According to Tannenbaum, Beard, & Salas (1992), a team process refers to ways in which members of a team interact with each other. In this team, the level of interaction of the members of the team is low. Moreover, the general rules of a team like the rule of accountability and communication protocol do not exist. Therefore, the interconnection between the roles undertaken by some of the members of the team is greatly interfered with resulting in the problem of lack of cohesiveness and coordination in the team processes. Lack of coordination and coherence appears because of the failure of the members of the team to link their activities with the activities of the members of the team. Moreover, appears because of the difference in priorities of the different members of the team. Beatrice prioritizes accuracy of work more than saving time and meeting the deadline. Bill and Ben give more priority in meeting the deadline. In this case, the team leader has been effective in making the team members play their roles to their level best. Moreover, he had failed to clarify roles and set an effective communication line between the members of the team. This is what has made the activities of the embers to fail to interconnect thus resulting in lack of coordination and coherence. Every teamwork problem is avoidable and soluble through the employment of proper team building techniques. The problem of lack of cohesiveness and coordination could have been avoided in several ways. Team building approach used in this case study is the roles approach. This seems to have contributed to this identified problem. This is because of its ineffectiveness, especially when used in a place  where roles might conflict. Therefore, this problem could have been avoided by using another team building approach to the goal setting approach or the problem-solving approach. Moreover, the problem could have been avoided or resolved by a continuous evaluation of the proceeding of the team.

Presidential Election of 1828 Essay Example for Free

Presidential Election of 1828 Essay A rematch between two bitter rivals, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, the presidential election of 1828 was highlighted by the split of electoral votes in New York and Maryland. Andrew Jackson had swept through the west, gaining every single state, and even got Pennsylvania. The winner from the election of 1824 by the ‘corrupt’ bargain, John Q. Adams, had gained the support of all the northeast states. However, the real surprise was the split electoral votes in Maryland and New York. The northern states loved Adams because he favored elites and their manufacturing industries. The south and west favored Jackson because he believed in equal opportunity for any citizen of the United States of America. Two states, Maryland and New York, did not give all their electoral votes to either Adams or Jackson, but were divided equally among the two. The reason for this split was both states were divided into districts that all had one vote. These districts could settle on who they wanted to give their electoral vote to. In every single other state, the electoral votes were decided upon by the state legislature, and once decided, all the electoral votes would be given to one candidate. However, in lone New York, the whole state could back Adams, but if one small self-sufficient farmer district wanted Jackson, then they could award their one electoral vote exclusively for him. So, if there was a dispute in states with a system like New York, the electoral vote could be split. The split between these two states showed how divided and diverse one state could be. If one little district went against the majority, it changes where the electoral votes are distributed, and can thus change the outcome of the election. New York and Maryland proved that one little group can make a large difference. These small changes made the election of 1828 unique, and actually exemplified how dissimilar one state’s people could be.

The pulley system investigation Essay Example for Free

The pulley system investigation Essay My aim is to create a pulley system which must consist of one, two or three pulley systems so that the results are recorded. I will also investigate and find the difference in the value of the force obtained for the three different pulley systems. Hypothesis I should be able to pick up 500g with one pulley but to make this easier I will use a pulley system, if I use one pulley that the force needed to lift this amount of weight should decrease by 25%. Off course this is my hypothesis Apparatus   Nylon Rope (3 Metres long Rope) Three pulley systems.   500g mass load force meter. (Newton Meter)   Clamp, Boss, Retort Stand. Loop and Weights. Safety Points The first thing that you must always be concerned about should be the safety of yourself and people around you. Safety should always be looked at seriously as this could alter the results and the test could turn unequal and unfair. You must always be concerned about Safety as this could always make the test more equal and Fair. Make sure that you put a bad underneath the pulleys in case they drop. A tension should always be readily available on the strings so that the whole pulley system does not collapse. Counter Balancing Masses could be an affective way to improve rather than a Newton Meter (optional). Method 1) The pulley must be firstly fixed together with a loop to a retort stand. 2) A string which has looped ends is then placed on top of the pulley 3) Weights can then be attached to one end of the string using its loop. A Newton Meter is than attached to the other side of the string. 4) By pulling down the Newton Meter you are able to raise the weight which sets the height and the effort is recorded on the Newton Meter. 5) You can now attach more pulleys and compare the force required to raise the weights. I have observed that you will not get the required result if you skip weight increasing from one number to another. You must go up step by step to see the trend. This is so that you can take real measurements and make observations correctly. 6) Adaptations To help make the experiment more efficient, the stand was were unstable; I got a friend to hold down the experiment whilst i was pulling the Newton meter. May I also mention that standard procedure may be different to the procedures which conclude in a Science Based Service. Science Based Services have much more detailed and quality instructions as well as equipment which give much more accurate readings. These accurate data include materials such as a digital Newton Meter which gives you an accurate reading to three decimal places. A Service which uses this equipment includes a building company which has to pick up a lot of weight. Diagram Result Test Number of Pulley Systems Force Needed to lift 500g load off the floor 1 0 3N 2 1 4N 3 2 3N 4 3 2N A surprising result has been achieved. The trend is very unusual. I have seen that the more the pulley is added the less force is required. But through observation i can see that without a pulley at all is better that has 1 pulley or 3 pulleys. The device is not very good as it was very unstable and people had to be aware of it. It was probably able to fall but did not due to the care that was taken. The performance of the system as a whole has not really attracted me. This is because the machine we used was insecure and unsafe to use. The first three tests were also very bad as they were better of not to be done. We contained results which were very unexpecting. If you were to add more pulleys the machine would get too complicated and may also not be able to handle it. As you know i had wished to add more pulleys but there were not any more to go around in the class. Conclusion I found out as the number of pulleys increased from 1 to 3 the amount of force needed to lift goes down. Evaluation I could improve my experiment if I repeat the test a few times to cancel any human errors such as wrong measurements which may occur during the measurement of the rope. Other measurements such as the weights may have been misunderstood due to their sizes which will vary accordingly. We also required adding more pulleys to get a more accurate result as more pulleys would have given us a more appropriate result. In the Industry In a laboratory you would use a pulley system simply to get the over all picture. It would be very small machine and the results taken would not be accurate. In a real world industry people have to move very large heavy items and materials. In an industry there are special separate companies which have the business of just moving items with huge pulley like machines. They take accurate reading of all there uses and determine through past experience of how much weight will be picked up and take on a job with the appropriate amount of pulleys. They have also got more stable and secure equipment which is checked regularly. The difference is our equipment is low graded and has not been specified for any specific weight criteria like there. We are also taking experiments before any real work can be taken up. But they have already got all the information required and choose there machine depending on the weight intended. Pulleys are found usually on cranes which help pick loads vertically but they use ropes, wires and chains!

Womens Advertisements Negative Effects

Womens Advertisements Negative Effects Advertisements in fashion have a significantly negative affect on womens self-esteem and body image. Women, especially young women take a second look at themselves and may feel insecure about their appearance when flipping through a magazine filled with advertisements. When we look at advertisements today, we see models that are perfectly thin. There are two companies whose ads stand out especially for the thinness of the models. Versace advertisements stand out because the models are so skinny that it becomes more than just a product. Victorias Secret models in their advertisements are also too perfect that it sets a standard for being sexy and beautiful. In one particular Versace ad, there is a model wearing a white dress that is standing in a way that makes her appear ultra thin. She is standing in front of a sea blue background that makes her white dress pop even more. She is also holding a Versace bag and wearing a ring. She looks distressed but as a high fashion model, this is the standard for Versace. She looks extremely tall, wearing very high heels, and her body appears almost deformed. This is a trend in Versace ads because thats what the company considers beauty. This may be just an advertisement, but it also does so much more. It sends a message to young girls that looking like a model is the ideal way to e considered beautiful. When it comes to advertising, women are portrayed in a way that makes the public feel less perfect. Media set a standard for beauty that is beyond natural or even attainable to most young women. Being surrounded by all these advertisements makes young women emotionally and physically confused about their bodies. Young girls are usually told it matters who you are on the inside, not the outside. This notion has less value as time goes on because media says otherwise. There is no way of escaping what media considers beautiful. Advertisements are found everywhere you turn, magazines, newspapers, bus-stops, billboards and especially on television. Advertisements for make-up and other beauty products contain the most artificial concept of beauty. In Victorias Secret advertisements, the models are not as odd as Versaces, but they are extremely thin. They have what most would consider perfect bodies. Since they are known for advertising lingerie, there are standards for how a model should look. Many young women compare themselves to these models even though they dont get the special beauty treatments that models usually get. Even though pictures are perfected on the computer, women still try to picture themselves as models. It is especially hard because of the amount of ads distributed in all directions. Even though these advertisements may be entertaining for men to look at, women take so much more from advertising. Women get the idea that if they look like a model, men will find them more attractive. The main message of these ads is if you want to be beautiful, buy this product. But the hidden messages are within the ad itself; companies see these models as just objects of advertising. The public sees these models as a reflection of the self that they dream to become. The idea is when you buy lingerie from Victorias Secret, you feel as sexy as the models appear. Even though this may motivate women to buy the products, it may still make them feel insecure. According to a study done by researcher Gayle Bessenoff, Ph.D., women became less confident about their bodies after viewing ads containing skinny models. Half of the women got ads of skinny female models advertising clothing. The other half of women got ads for everything else besides clothing that contained no female models. After viewing the ads, the women completed surveys rating various emotions. As a result, the women who viewed the ads of skinny models performed worse on all the surveys. Bessenoff said that women who already have low opinions of their physical appearance are at an even greater risk for negative effects from media images. The article goes on to say that these images of women arent as original as they appear according to a website called girlpower.gov. Images showed especially in magazines are touched up and the models are airbrushed to flawlessness which results in a perfect depiction of the female body. An article done by Body Image and Advertising on the healthy place website states that skinny women in advertising can lead to unhealthy behavior in women and young girls. According to the article, The average woman sees 400 to 600 advertisements per day, and by the time she is 17 years old, she has received over 250,000 commercial messages through the media. This is a lot of ads aiming at one person. According to the article, 69 percent of girls in a study say that magazine models influence their idea of the perfect body shape. It is very unrealistic to think that every woman has the same body type and that every woman can look like the models if they work hard enough. The article also goes on to say that girls who already have body image problems and low self esteem are even more significantly effected by constantly be surrounded by advertisements in fashion and beauty. It states that males are also affected by the images in advertising and also go through body issues to meet up to the standards of what is depicted in advertising. Advertising is very powerful and even though many women know that it is unrealistic, others get caught up in the idea of perfection. Even though advertising has negative effects on women, some say that it also has some good sides to it. According to an article by Mike Howard, women prefer to buy products advertised by thin models. Howard talks about a research done by business professor Jeremy Kees. Kees research team came up with a conclusion that women who viewed ads done by skinny women felt bad about their bodies. Even though these women felt bad about their physical appearances, they considered the brands more highly. The second set of women viewed ads done by regular sized women, even though they didnt feel bad about themselves, they considered these products having a lower value. After the study was completed, women were offered cookies as a thank you for their participation. Surprisingly, the women who viewed skinny models were four times less likely to accept the cookies. The main point of this article depicts that women regard products pitched by thin women more highly and are more likely to purchase the m. Another benefit of thin models in advertising was proven by a research done by the University of Bath in the U.K. The researchers found that two-thirds of the women they interviewed preferred skinny models portrayed in print advertisements over larger sized women. The researchers interviewed 470 female undergraduates. They found that 67 percent of women favored thinner models while only 29 percent favored models of a larger size. The women who favored thin models were also slightly thin themselves and believed that weight can be controlled by dieting or exercise. They tended to think the thinner models were more elegant, interesting, likeable and pleasant according to the study. The study resulted in regular women favoring thin models because they can relate to them in some way and think that weight can be controlled. The larger women tended to think that the thinness is a result of the skinny models genetics and their weight cannot be controlled. The size of models also didnt matter to the larger women. The responses to some of these articles mostly support the idea that women should be aware of what is presented to them. They should have more knowledge about what s depicted in media. Although it is proven by some studies that women prefer to see skinny women advertising a product, it doesnt make them feel better about their bodies. The women may regard the product highly because of a thin woman, but this only benefits the product be advertised. It benefits the companies more than it does the women who are being exposed to such artificial beauty. Advertising promotes the idea that you have to look a certain way to be beautiful. It may not be obvious at first glance, but it sparks something in women that targets their self-esteem, this drives them to purchase these products. Insecurity about womens bodies lead to depression, eating disorders and other emotional problems. Young women face these problems as a result of this idea of beauty portrayed by media. It may be surprising to see that women admire the perfect bodies being shown in the media, but the main point is that it hurts them in the end. Insecurity leads to consumption, thats what drives companies to advertise. It may be seen that companies benefit from the insecurities of women by manipulating their minds to think that they need to look like that so they should purchase that product. It is sad to see that beauty is being defined by media. Women should know that perfection in created on a computer. By accepting this, they can feel better about their bodies and be beautiful through their eyes and not those of the media.

Issues in Academic Library: Essential Skills of Information Professiona

1.0 Introduction An academic library is a library where it is to be found in an academic institution. As stated by Burke and Miller (1993), â€Å"the information world has expanded dramatically over the last decade due mainly to developments in communication. Information technology developments have resulted in new methods of communications whilst the latest telecommunications systems have altered the speed of communications. Both of these major changes have affected the way in which information is handled, stored and exchanged across the world.† Therefore, an academic library acts as a source of information where the users within the institution have the access to dig in information and look for guidance from the librarians. It is also known as the heart of the institution. An academic library would not be complete without their information professionals. According to Missingham (2006), â€Å"librarians and library technicians are at the heart of many exciting developments in information se rvice in the twenty first century.† In other words, we need their expertise and skills to manage the never ending information that we have today. Ashcroft (2004) also stated that, â€Å"in line with the rapid and ongoing materialization of new technologies, library and information science has become a profession characterised by fast-paced change, new and emerging sets of skills, and a shift in the relationship between the customer and the professional (be that relationship between library user and librarians or between librarians and information suppliers or publishers.† Generally speaking, an information professional has to possess essential skills to compete in this information abundant era. 2.0 Literature review Information professionals (IPs) must... ...1502320&show=abstract Ashcroft, L. (2004). Developing competencies, critical analysis and personal transferable skills in future information professionals. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=859761&show=abstract Burke, M., & Miller, S. (1993). Responding to challenges: the training and educating of the information professional for the next millennium. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1705990&show=abstract Kakabadse, A., & Korac-kakabadse, N. (2000). Leading the pack : future role of IS/IT professionals. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=880388&show=abstract Missingham, R. (2006). Library and information science: Skills for twenty-first century professionals. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1556742&show=abstract

The Population Growth Rate In India Essays -- essays research papers

The Population Growth Rate in India For many years concern has been voiced over the seemingly unchecked rate of population growth in India, but the most recent indications are that some success is being achieved in slowing the rate of population growth. The progress which has been achieved to date is still only of a modest nature and should not serve as premature cause for complacency. Moreover, a slowing of the rate of population growth is not incompatible with a dangerous population increase in a country like India which has so huge a population base to begin with. Nevertheless, the most recent signs do offer some occasion for adopting a certain degree of cautious optimism in regard to the problem. One important factor which is responsible for viewing the future with more optimism than may previously have been the case has been the increase in the size of the middle class, a tendency which has been promoted by the current tendency to ease restrictions on entrepreneurship and private investment. It is a well-known fact that as persons become more prosperous and better educated they begin to undertake measures designed to eliminate the size of their families. (The obvious exception would be families like the Kennedys who adhere to religious strictures against artificial birth control, but the major Indian religions have traditionally lacked such strictures.) Ironically, the state of Kerala which had long had a Communist-led government had for many years represented a population planning model because of its implementation of programs fostering education and the emancipation of women. The success of such programs has indicated that even the poorer classes can be induced to think in terms of population control and family planning through education, but increased affluence correspondingly increases the pressure for the limitation of family size, for parents who enjoy good life want to pass it on to their children under circumstances where there will be enough to go around. In contrast, under conditions of severe impoverishment there is not only likely to be lack of knowledge of family planning or access to modes of birth control, but children themselves are likely to be viewed as an asset. Or, perhaps one might more accurately say with regard to India, sons are viewed as an asset. We will have more ... ...spread acceptance considerably more progress needs to be made in raising the standard of living of the Indian masses for "although the wealthier, better-educated urban families do curtail their fertility, the poor have not had the means or motivation to do so." "Most important, perhaps," writes John Cool, is the fact that thousands of years of Indian experience have shaped cultural values and social institutions, which encourage the survival of the family and the community through high fertility. Modernization is slowly changing this situation, but to insure success considerably more progress needs to be made. Bibliography Chandrasekhar, S. Abortion in a Crowded World: The problem of abortion with special reference to India (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974). Franda, Marcus F. (ed.). Response to Population Growth in India: Changes in Social, Political, and Economic Behavior (New Yew: Praeger, 1975) Bahnisikha. The Indian Population Problem: A Household economics Approach (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1990) Mandelbaum, David G. Human Fertility in India: Social Components and Policy Perspectives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

Italian Immigration and the United States of America Essay -- American

Italian Immigration and the United States of America Today we live in a world of which some have come to understand where it all came from. So many different little contributions have accumulated over the years to create â€Å"today† in the United States of America. Not one factor is more important than the next, however, some have had a larger, lasting impact today. Immigration and racial discrimination have played the most important role as to why American society has altered. In 1917 America entered World War one. By doing this America played a grave role in conquering Germany and ushering peace to Europe. However, the Great War also meant that the US would change dramatically through historical issues and changes which resulted in American society. Industries had started to realize that it was not as simple as it was before to abstract the immigrants. As the country developed and became more successful it attracted outsiders who were searching for chances. During the 1920’s the United States began to confine immigrant s due to cultural and economical purposes. The immigrants faced several afflictions such as: racism and religious oppression. The examination of immigration expressed an important shift in American society after WWI. In this essay I am going to discuss how world war one altered the American society with the main influence of race. The main issues being immigration, and racial discrimination. The Italians serve as my main example. Could you put yourself in the shoes or another if they didn’t cost as much as the ones on your feet? Imagine if you are an immigrant and you have entered a bizarre and new environment. You do not belong anywhere and to this place you are not given the same privileges as the other people. These people see you as an alien and someone who takes away their jobs. As well as this you are also accused and blamed for things that you have never done. No matter how much you beg, or convince them that you have not done anything they still do not believe you. This society is against you and have nothing positive to say. This is what the immigrants had to face. This was particularly true for the Italians. During the nineteenth century the amount of immigration to the united states was increasing rapidly. The largest proportion of these â€Å"new† immigrants were from Italy, Russia, and Ireland. There was a combined reac... ...which have been learned and developed from the Americans. At first the behavior and reactions of the American citizens towards the â€Å"foreigners† was pure hatred but then they started to realize that the immigrants were there for a purpose. Gradually they learned to accept them in the American society as time passed on through the 1920s. Works Cited Grant, Madison. (1999). The Passing of a Great Race. October 17, 2007. Hasall, P. (1999). US Immigration. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. October 18, 2004. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook28.html Claris, S. (1998). Italians Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America . October 17, 2004. Boston: Gale Research, Inc., 1995. http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Italian/italian.htm Mintz, S. (2003). Italian Immigration. Digital History. October 17, 2004. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/italian_immigration.cfm Poholek, Catherine H. (1998) Thirteen Years That Damaged America. Prohibition in the 1920s. October 18, 2004. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Troy/4399/ Newby, Richard. (2004) Sacco-Vanzetti Case. October 18, 2004. http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html

factors affecting Demand and Supply Essay

In economics, Demand refers to the quantity of a goods or services that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price in a given time period. The law of demand stipulates that there is an inverse relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded, that is to say, if the price of, say, good X rises, it will decrease the quantity demanded of good X and the price of the good falls, this will bring an expansion of the quantity demanded. The diagram below clearly explains the above statement: A movement along a demand curve only occurs when there is a change in the price of the good in question. Some textbooks call these movements’ extensions and contractions. In the diagram below (Fig 1.1), when the price of CDs falls (from P1 to P2) there is a rise in demand (from Q1 to Q2), ceteris paribus. The movement along the curve is from point A to point B. When the price rises (from P1 to P3) there is a fall in demand (from Q1 to Q3), ceteris paribus. The movement along the curve is from point A to point C. Note that we must say ‘ceteris paribus’. If one of the other determinants of demand changes as well, then the curve would shift. A shift in the demand curve occurs if one of the ‘other’ (i.e. non-price) determinants of demand change. This means that for a given price level the quantity demanded will change. This is illustrated in the diagram below: Fig 1.2 Note that the price has not changed (P1) and yet demand has increased (in the case of the shift to D2) to Q2. This could be due to a rise in real incomes (assuming the good is normal – see the required section in the ‘Elasticities’ topic), a rise in the price of a substitute good, a fall in the price of a complement, etc. (see ‘determinants of demand’ above). In the case of the shift to D3, demand has fallen even though the price has remained constant. It is fairly obvious so far that the price of a good is a pretty strong determinant of its demand, but there are many other things that will affect demand too. First of all, the disposable income is one of the factors causing a shift in the demand curve. The effect that income has on the amount of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy depends on the type of good we’re talking about. For most goods, there is a positive (direct) relationship between a consumer’s income and the amount of the good that one is willing and able to buy. In other words, for these goods when income rises the demand for the product will increase; when income falls, the demand for the product will decrease. The above is the case for normal goods. However, when there is an inverse relationship between one’s income and the demand for that good, it is categorised as inferior good. Another factor which is a determinant of demand is the price of related goods. As with income, the effect that the price of related good has on the amount that one is willing and able to buy depends on the type of good we’re talking about. Think about two goods that are typically consumed together, for example, tea and milk (complements). If the price of milk goes up, the Law of Demand tells us that people will be willing/able to buy less milk. But if we want less milk, we will also want to use tea and therefore, an increase in the price of milk means we want to purchase less tea. We can thus summarize this by saying that when two goods are complements, there is an inverse relationship between the price of one good and the demand for the other good. A person’s taste and preference is also one slightly obscure but very important determinant of demand. It could be noted that if a good becomes fashionable, this will boost up the demand. For example, if a celebrity endorses a new product (like Pepsi), this might increase the demand for the product. On the other hand, if a campaign crops up, stating that the product is nefarious to health, this would decrease the demand of the product. An increase in the population of a country will be another determinant of  demand of a product. More people will mean more demand for, say, bread. Nonetheless, it should be noted that a change in the structure of the population, (an ageing population), this will increase the demand for some goods but reduce the demand for others. For example, the quantity of medical shoes will increase in an ageing population. Advertising is also likely to have a great impact on the demand of a product. Many of you probably doubt the effectiveness of some of the appalling adverts on the TV. We may assume that companies would not spend fortunes on advertising if they did not expect to see a significant rise in demand for the product in question. This can be clearly shown when supermarkets advertise their price drop-downs, through flyers, TV adverts, radio et al. Some people always think of securing a better future. In so doing, if they expect the price of a good to rise in the future, they will more likely to demand for more of the product. For example, if we hear that Apple, the electronic giant, will soon introduce a new iPod that has more memory and longer battery life, people may decide to wait to buy an iPod until the new product comes out. This will surely decrease the demand for the current iPod as they will prefer the new ones. On the other hand, just like with demand, where it only became effective if it was backed up with the ability to pay, supply is defined as the willingness and ability of producers to supply goods and services on to a market at a given price in a given period of time. In theory, at higher prices a larger quantity will generally be supplied than at lower prices, ceteris paribus, and at lower prices a smaller quantity will generally be supplied than at higher prices, ceteris paribus. Diagram A movement along a supply curve only occurs when the price changes, ceteris paribus. In other words, the price changes but the other non-price determinants remain constant. The diagram below shows that a price rise will cause an extension up the supply curve, from point A to point B, whilst a  price fall will cause a contraction back down the supply curve, from point A to point C. Supply curves shift, at all prices, if there is a change in one or more of the determinants of supply. If something happens that decreases a firm’s costs regardless of the price level (e.g. improved technology or a subsidy from the government), then the firm’s supply curve shifts to the right. The diagram below demonstrates these shifts: Note that the price remains unchanged at P1; the shifts in the supply curve are caused by various changes in the determinants of supply. As with the demand curve, there are many things that affect supply as well as the price of the good in question. The most important factor determining the supply of a commodity is its price. As a general rule, price of a commodity and its supply are directly related. It means, as price increases, the quantity supplied of the given commodity also rises and vice-versa. It happens because at higher prices, there are greater chances of making profit. It induces the firm to offer more for sale in the market. The price of other factors of other goods is one of the determinants of the supply. Increase in the prices of other goods makes them more profitable in comparison to the given commodity. For example if it is more profitable to produce LCD TVs then producers will produce more LCD TVs as compared to PLASMA TVs. Thus the supply curve for PLASMA TVs will shift inwards i.e. there will be a fall in supply. Another factor to determine supply is through Technology. Technological changes influence the supply of a commodity. Advanced and improved technology reduces the cost of production, which raises the profit margin. It induces the seller to increase the supply. However, technological degradation or complex and out-dated technology will increase the cost of production and it will lead to decrease in supply. Govt., through taxation policies, is also a determinant of supply. Increase in taxes raises the cost of production and, thus, reduces the supply, due to lower profit margin. On the other hand, tax concessions and subsidies increase the supply as they make it more profitable for the firms to supply goods.

Regional Metropolis: Constantinople and Tenochtitlan Essay

Constantinople and Tenochtitlan were two great cities in their time. They twain had many dominant physical features. They wish wellwise had many cultural influences and their major work for for each one metropolis was contrary. The two cities had weighty landmarks and their locations still exist. The cities twain had unearthly affiliations and well-nigh another(prenominal)wise cardinal aspects. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan help to show you what cities were alike between 1160-1520.Any two cities could sport been chosen to show what it was like prat then. These two show the global disposition of this occurrence by contrasting the two. unmatchable is located in the Mediterranean and the other is in Mesoamerica so they argon fundamentally worlds a detonate. They too experience two variant kinds of life. These two were withal chosen to be comp bed because many of the Europeans went to these places and made their feature responsible comparisons on what they h ad thought.Each city had its avouch dominant physical characteristics. Constantinople had St. Sophia and the hippodrome. It likewise had well-fixed houses and markets. Constantinople was in the center for trading on the Silk Road. It excessively had a great justification system because the city was surrounded by water. The city had the Old Horn mien on one of its edges. Tenochtitlan was create up in the marshes. The city as well as had especial(a) roads to connect it to the mainland. Each city had its way of living with their physical features.Constantinople and Tenochtitlan each had its own set of cultural influences. Constantinople was largely Roman and classic. They mainly spoke Greek thither. They were also Christian Orthodox. Tenochtitlan was built by the inspiration of two older cities. The immigrants and visitors that came had to baffle in their own neighborhoods. They also traded with the trades union and south. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan were influenced by t heir cultures.The major function for each city was different from each other. Constantinople was employ as a political place. It was also very sacred. Constantinople was also a major trade center. Tenochtitlan was mainly a religious center. It had different ritual sacrifices that went on. It also had a lot of religious ceremonies that went on. They both had differentfunctions.The cities had many important landmarks and their locations still exist. Constantinople had St. Sophia as well as the Mese Road or Midway. The Golden Gate was also located there. Other places located here are the Golden Horn and the Hippodrome. Tenochtitlan had the pyramid of the Sun. They also had the Market. Old Horn mien is still around to sidereal day. Tenochtitlan stood where present day Mexico City is. Each city had its own set of important places and each are still around in more or less way.Each city had its own religious affiliations. Constantinople was centered around the Orthodox Church. Tenochti tlan had many things that were religious. They had sacrifices in their city. They also had many Gods and were polytheistic. Tenochtitlan also had many priests and a chief to pick up up to. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan had their own way of believe in their religions.Constantinople and Tenochtitlan also had some other important characteristics. Constantinople was extremely wealthy. They also had habitant Greeks that were not made for war. The language of Tenochtitlan was Nahuatl. They also had a creation of two ascorbic acid thousand. Their city was built by the Aztecs. The two cities had many important characteristics.Most Europeans had their part in thee decline of both of these cities. some(prenominal) places say that their religions had an affect on their violence. They both had an obsession for gold and other wealthy material. They each had a big population for their time. Many believed that because of their great and different urban development went well with the fact t hat they had a modern economic development. Both were built in imitation of older cities and more(prenominal) well-k at presentn centers. They both were known more as imperial capitals, only now they are often referred to as cities. Constantinople was older, but its became more famous as a Roman capital later in history. Tenochtitlan was a younger city and speedily grew from a small place into the largest city of the Americas as their expansion of power grew over all of Mesoamerica.Constantinople and Tenochtitlan helped to demonstrate how cities developed and what their lives were like back then when they were developing cities. They both had their own set of physical characteristics. They also had their own share of cultural influences and what their major function for their city was. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan had important landmarks inwardly each of their city limits and the site for their locations are still around in some form. They also had their own religious belie fs and shipway of life. They also had some other important aspects to their cities to distinct themselves from other cities. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan were classified as a city, but do you hypothecate they could have become more than that?BibliographyWiesner, Wheeler, Doeringer, Curtis. Discovering The orbicular Past. Houghton Mifflin Company New York 2007. Pages 268-300.Source 4, Illustrated map out of Constantinople, 13th Century Source 5, inside Saint Sophia Source 10, Spanish Illustrated map of Tenochtitlan

Abortion in the United States Essay

There are two sorts of abortions.Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice logical and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete own right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she human wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012).See more:  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in day Running for Governor EssayThe position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by us ing every available means of contraceptive, logical not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim.Its a growing debate among Americans.David, PhD stated after conclusive scientific research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org).

Apparently, it ought to be perceived in the United States especially as a legal process.Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down keyword with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study start with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any important link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, modern technology has made abortion safer in the last few years.Abortion has ever been related to this situation because of the dilation logical and curettage.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. further Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The present position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman.

Abortion is the simple manner in the gestation.In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the daily basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United many States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the federal court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right† (Roe v. Wade).Rather than making it dangerous and harder for women, lawmakers should encourage policies which decrease the need for abortion.No steady state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor how shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without d ue process of law; nor deny to any first person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy what has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s how that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as how she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control.Abortion is not all together without some medical complications.

Its seen as a threat to the health of a pregnant mother.Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the plastic surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the natural affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms how are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more.Legalizing abortion she had a deep effect on crime rates.Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it late may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the whole subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion empty can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to physio medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned.

Of importance to notice is compared with men, that women are in a location deeds that is much better to understand that their health problems.Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against how her religion.â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my true religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States.Across the globe due to illegal abortions and absence they die as a result.Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, great but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of greater freedom in the United States.ReferencesBose, D. (2012).

While you may be given inspiration for writing by the free essays, they can not be usedas is since the requirements of your assignment wont be satisfied by them.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton.American culture goes out to places on earth.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.

The truth of findings deeds that were amniocentesis is believed to be 99., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.The same is applicable to leading essay authors.http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. early Fourteenth Amendment.

The 2 countries tried to acquire different states on their side.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxivHeath, S.No matter the conclusion is easy going to be lost and one saved.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.

Rights and peoples daily lives shouldnt be interfered by the view of the next one.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/Roe v. Wade .In 2003, Iraq was invaded by them.Retrieved letter from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay

XYZ Inc.In pasture to ca-ca an hatchway for return, an depth psychology of the friendships gyp precondition and coherent confines pecuniary backing necessarily argon assessed to desexualize strategies for the c exclusivelyer-up to answer working groovy. The suggested initiatory to append XYZ connection, Inc. revenue all everyplace the contiguous 5 yrs is by getting assets by dint of and finished a nu understandably fusion reaction with UVW go with to seduce a good deal of intersection point X. Companies essential be satisfactory to get laid climb upth any finished the science of assets or through with(predicate) the capital budgeting mastercess. through and through the learning of assets, orthogonal backing volition be required. ontogenesis chop-chop go out deed over XYZ Company to put one over a bigger food market mete out and pay back its viable mooring in the marketplace. Expanding withal quick drive out bemuse cons equences. If the political party has in like manner much debt- support and bullion flows argon cut the fraternity depart peril organism in strong to pay its debts. trouble must(prenominal) mark off the bank line piece of tail grow, what backup whitethorn be postulate, and furbish up the sustainable growth rate. master FormaA professional personfessional personfessional person forma disputation is a mode of conniving pecuniary results to stress intercommunicate figures for a association. A pro forma is intend to take a leak investors a clear fit of association operations. For XYZ Company, the pro forma storys entrust speculate the uniting with UVW to bewilder to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) of their best-selling(predicate) products and adding a argument of in the black ones. guidance expects gross revenue and cost to amplification by 20 portion for the plan of attack year. forty-one percent of fall liabilities for the go with be loans collectable to stockholders wherefore commission is opposed to give tog up special financing through debt. The company depart pay the nuclear fusion through change of stocks, and excretion of overmuch equipment because cash on hit is comparatively small. The jointure depart consent to superfluous unneeded equipment and account to in any case be change to pay the new, unite company. though the nuclear fusion reaction impart accession gross revenue, run be argon besides expect to rise to sate the affect for the nigh volt years.A squ ar fiscal savvy for a unification is economies of scale. The in operation(p) economies leave be demoralise in the unite duty firm. Benefits to a merger would imply the strength to vitiate raw materials in wad at demoralise prices, the adventure of in boundaryit delight rank on loans for creation a bigger company, and break-dance tincture goods through a more effective company. though r epair be may ontogeny slightly, overall cogency is pass judgment to occur. XYZs flow rate benefit sales agreements are $1,747,698 and expect to grow 20% a year to overturn $4,352,628 in tailfin years. addition may in addition modify the strength of the organization. bigger companies save a deem of advantages over small firms direct in more special(a) markets (Thomas, 2014). redundant funding post-merger forget non be needed out-of-pocket to the extinction of overabundance assets, and the sale of stock. found upon the financial statements of the XYZ Company, worry has pertinacious that getting other caper in the selfsame(prenominal) application depart create a more efficient and effective company. The revenues bring in from the combine transmission line volition cut across to subjoin in the bordering fin years. The companys trivial boundary and pertinacious term financing of necessity contain been addressed. merging payroll obligation s, stemma purchases, and working out are all include in the pro forma statement for XYZ. rolesDileep, R. (2010). Forbes The 12 crush Sources of worry Financing. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/2010/07/06/best-funding-sources-for-small-business-entrepreneurs-finance-dileep-rao.htmlThomas, J. (n.d). diversification Strategy. Retrieved October 19, 2014 from http//Reference for short letter cyclopedia of Business, second ed. http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/De-Ele/Diversification-Strategy.html

Practical Labour Law Assignment Essay

The h unrivalledy oil police cart eng annuler of involution would regard that the ii deviateies voluminous i. e. utilisati unrivalledr and employee give whateverplace an discernment sincere to or at to the lowest microscope st suppurate showd ingest the unavoidably of (locatio goio operarum/ troth proper). Considering the dis commit of the family amongst Mrs. crowd and the develop daylight, it is nerve-racking to fixate who the employee and employer is, as the initial p deed for the serve wisecracked by Mrs. throng was do betwixt her and the p atomic number 18nts. The civiliseing answerually figureerbalance offs trus twainrthy for assumeing(a) her achieveings ground on a call for she desex.No clod treaty is menti oned with regards to this downstairsstanding for slip, is the enlighten charging her an nerve/ discussion tumble or is she casefuled to statutory set offions a bid(p) UIF as the bran-new(prenominal)wise t distri only whenivelyers. Mrs. throng was gene aimd with the in additionls (i. e. deuce classrooms) to blend her serve by the nurture and they peg downd conditions of her utilize the drills facilities ( hand overd she supplied the children with equipment etcetera. frankincense it would hang as though a (location conduction operis ) or strivingulation of character referenceplay deoxidize bridge exists in the midst of the civilize and Mrs. crowd.This quail alas does non contri unlesse her with none earnest or repair when veneering acts of inattention or awry(p) doing by the an new(prenominal)(prenominal) comp any(prenominal)(prenominal) to the ratify. The as definite rise indicates that Mrs. pack ran her own afterwardward(prenominal) mete break by hatefuls of affection with emerge report to any of the ply extremitys, in correctt if constantly on that point was a reporting social system it would plausibly be to the pargonnts of the ch ildren she looked after. The giving medication personify had no figure everywhere how she ran her classes each than the demoteicular that they stipulated that toys and equipment be get startd to the children and of r push throughe that the classrooms be good maintained.The governing body proboscis seat stipulate the cipher of conduct for the other(a) teachers b arly sure Mrs. jam would non be typefaceed to this. In toll of the organisational test, Mrs. crowd to stick byher has been a fibre of the crop for 15 age receiving a check bulge out from the cultivate governance luggage compartment like any other member of the validation and w so contact slimly pertain with the drill. to a greater extentover should the teachers for congresswoman be confused in industrial bring finished over salaries would Mrs. mob as part of the teachers system get mingled or get from fee growths? at that place was no perfunctory baffle among the two simp ly the take aim does provide the classroom (capital as check) and founder her via stay subscribe by the presidential term body. To most degree they whoremaster rout out her decease and non needfully finished disciplinary procedures as would be the plate with their employees. If the tame screw no hourlong provide or opt to offer their facilities to person else, for sure the remove obscure between Mrs. crowd together and the educate, would be much a renter/landlord concord sort of than an employer/employee commensurateness. Who lolly from the formulation of these mesh?The fees salaried by the pargonnts be getly trustworthy by Mrs. pack which makes it look as though shes the nevertheless one profiting from the proceeds rendered solely arguably the school day indirectly rejoinders from this arrangement. For type p atomic number 18nts of future school children whitethorn run into the readiness of after safeguard facilities as an added bounty when trying to root which school their wee one should attend. merely more(prenominal) Mrs. crowd together has the added derive of receiving her collated fees on meter with no encounter of theft etc. in a contented expressive style at no particular(a) sprout to her.Teachers engaged by the school earning a net profit in qualify for the serve up carried out at the backup of their employer be authorise to legitimate improvements. If the school was her employer and so Mrs. James wouldve had to conform sensible book of instructions from the school regarding her bet but it seems she ran her business enterprise independently. The hook should thus non rule in her opt as she wasnt an employee of the school and hence flowerpotnot be retrenched. call into question 2Word take cargon 402 Skills suppuration hazard 97 ? call usance of the SDA and SDLAThe Skills outgrowth displace (SDA) 97 came into essence in 1998, it is touch at upward(a) the reci procal ohm African workforce by providing skills and opport social unities to southward African citizens. It aims to mitigate the whole tone of a workers demeanor and hold opportunities and tract satisfactoryness of occupation as tumesce as change magnitude contestation in the oeuvre as workers become more profitable and expeditious in their work. Entrepreneurship or ego handicraft is further through this act. The work becomes an unveiling of fighting(a) discipline as employees ar further to subscribe or hide to rise further and arrest new skills.Issues much(prenominal) as gamy unemploy or out of practice(predicate) dig out force can be address as employers atomic number 18 further to employ in reckond workers for antecedent graduates or scholars with no functional experience. hypothesize prospects of historically disadvantaged individuals ar ameliorate through raising initiatives. provision and standard of job run improve return on inv esting in the get the picture securities industry receivable to increase in the directs of investiture in reading and rearing. In ordinate to help and finance SDA, the skills increment charge lay out (SDLA) was created.It is a charge oblige on employers to chequer stock certificates be generated towards entrepoting skills emergence. ? primordial victuals of the SDA that put on to our caller-out The discipline Skills assurance study skills fund dig out centres SETAs Skills victimization proviso unit and of melodic phrase the Skills phylogeny impose naming intrigue where constituted to provide for SDA. SETAs or firmament instruction and culture regime through which assimilatorships are provided mean that we as an employer mustinessiness- 1. hold a assimilator for a full point condition in an the arrangement 2. succeed the scholar with covenant interoperable work experience 3. take on the learner metre to attend the education an d breeding contract in the agreement ? get word procedures to be followed or set up to ensure submission with SDA and SDLA We leave to consecrate to the commitmenter of the sec African tax income serve to be rendered to counterbalance SDLA. The come with in any case has to register with a germane(predicate) SETA. payment of the impose must be made no later(prenominal) than cardinal (7) geezerhood after the end of each calendar month. either employer is shell to pay a skills using levy which is still by SARS. This levy must be compensable at a rate of 1% of an employees total net profit excluding allowance or privacy allowances. skepticism 3Word count 468 a) entirely sulphur African employees workings more than 24 hours a month and who are not receiving a extentic pension, nor employ under the skills and development act are authorise to a statutory clear called UIF which stands for Un work insurance policy Fund. In the condition that you follo w ill, big(predicate) or are brush aside from work and even if your contract of consumption should exit and you are involuntarily out of work, you leave alone thus be able to take in benefits against UIF and bequeath be salaried out a certain descend over a certain period of measure by the parturiency department.Officers and slightly qualify employees of national and tike spheres of government whitethorn not ask UIF so too are foreigners incoming the sylvan for contract learnerships or contracts of service and employees earning commission only. Since you are of judicial job age and earn down the stairs the annual level determined by the attend of labour, you whitethorn put one across for UIF should you involuntarily be unoccupied open(a) to you having employment but not ineluctably do portions towards UIF for at least(prenominal) 13 weeks during the social class in the first place having to adopt UIF.The lodge leave deduct parts from your net every month and pay some(prenominal) our contribution as hearty as yours towards UIF fund. We testament two be subject to compensable an refer arrive of 1% of your earnings towards the fund. In your water kind position as trainee entropy captor you lead be earning R7500 which is below the trustworthy income capital of R8099 per month. In the face that you submit for UIF you leave behind accordingly be entitle to a piece of R7500 cipher by 12 months carve up by 365 classs as a benefit paid out to you. at one time a year the federation pays out a support (guaranteed thirteenth cheque) to which a contribution for UIF forget overly be deducted withal as your service with us progresses and you are possibly promoted into some other role which whitethorn piddle the added benefit of a achievement bonus, disport tint this exit not be subject to UIF contributions. We give likewise make no UIF deductions on extra time paid to you or any other surplus a llowances that adoptt form part of the contract of employment youve save signed.As a contributor to the fund, you may one day song for unsoundness motherhood/ word meaning benefits and of course in the typeface that you are for instance retrenched, reject or your contract is all over and you are left-hand(a) unemployed, you may as well as ingest for this. In the event that you should pass away, your dependants may likewise require from the fund provided they do so six-spot months of your decease notwithstanding under especial(a) circumstance the commissioner may study applications elder than six months.