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Wednesday, October 30, 2019
International People Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
International People Management - Essay Example The research in this particular case applies to an aspect of international people management that is the international transfer of managers. We assess the immediate opportunities of such research as being determined by the number of international management transfers in any given period, the importance to the MNC of such transfers and the possibility of accessing useful data relating to these transfers. International management transfers are a frequent occurrence and there is a corresponding base of information that can be researched or is already available. Management transfers are also relatively important to MNCs. They want to make sure that it works: the impact of a good or bad managerial decision often weighs more that of a non-managerial employee, and this impact increases with ascending management rank. This also motivates MNCs and their representatives to respond to requests for data in the form of questionnaires, if these questionnaires are appropriately constructed and presented. The limitations of such research are in some ways connected with the discussion on the opportunities. The first limitation is that of the willingness or the availability of the relevant contacts in the MNCs to give the data required The second is the way on which such data is to be amassed, either by direct contact (telephone) which can be time-consuming, expensive and not necessarily effective, or by indirect means such as questionnaires sent through the post, which can then increase the elapsed time before results are available as well as the difficulty of chasing up replies and information. Not mentioned in this paper from 2001 are the possibilities now available by Internet with online questionnaires. As a first recommendation, consideration should be given to doing surveys of this time online where possible (Dr. Harzing has perhaps moved to internet-based questionnaires since she wrote this article). Although for a pure Internet-based solution it would also be necessary to know the email address of the person to be contacted, hybrid solutions are also possible: for example, send out a letter which contains instructions to go to a website to fill in a survey. The choice of a paper to critique Our choice of paper was determined by a number of aspects. We sought papers that reported empirical research, either from the creation of primary data, the utilisation of secondary data, or both. We also sought papers that had real meaning and relevance in the field of international people management. Of the various candidates reviewed, we selected Anne-Wil Harzing's paper as fulfilling these criteria. The aims and intentions of "An Analysis of the Functions of International Transfers of Managers in MNCs" The article states its aim as better identification for the reasons for which MNCs (multinational companies) send out
Monday, October 28, 2019
The Influence of Technology on Society and the Economy Essay Example for Free
The Influence of Technology on Society and the Economy Essay The nature of technology possessed by a society happens to be the defining characteristic of the self same society. Thus, the Stone Age, the Iron Age, the Bronze Age, the Industrial Age, and the Information Age are very appropriate terms used to define the nature of human society in different times (â€Å"Technology,†2007).  Man’s living standards are to known to have been improving with new technologies cropping up as a result of his own efforts. Thus, new technologies are also known to have a positive effect on the economy.  At the same time, however, it is a fact that those who do not use the new technologies also do not experience the greatest socioeconomic benefits of the new technologies. This is the reason why man in the Information Age is presently observing the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots (Friedman, 2000).     The Iron Age saw man using tools that were superior to those of the Stone Age. Therefore, both the Iron Age and the Bronze Age increased man’s standard of living. The tools that were made in the Iron Age and the Bronze Age led to an increase in efficiency as well as productivity. By knowing how to make different objects with iron and bronze, man was also able to increase trade with his neighbors. The introduction of new goods and services by way of trade automatically translated into higher standards of living than before.     Thus, new technologies must always translate into higher standards of living. The sixteenth century saw new inventions that revolutionized manufacturing and other features of living. The wheel-lock musket, the helicopter, the spinning wheel, the pocket watch, the diving bell, the seed drill, the camera obscura, the knitting machine, the compound microscope, the Gregorian Calendar, and the enameling of pottery were all brought into the world in the same century (â€Å"Timeline†). All of these new technologies were not only used in trade, but also became a part of people’s daily lives. As a matter of fact, at this point in time we cannot even imagine a world without these objects to help us out with our everyday routines. Hence, society becomes dependent on technology that it has used successfully in the past.     The late eighteenth and the nineteenth century saw the beginning of the Industrial Revolution – a highly exciting time for man. During the Industrial Revolution, man learned how to manufacture goods and services faster than before, and at lower costs of production. The introduction of manufacturing machinery was undoubtedly a gigantic leap in the world of production. More importantly, the enhancement in efficiency and productivity experienced during that time grew the economy by leaps and bounds. All the same, the industrialized nations at the time were separated from the non-industrialized nations that lacked the expertise for developing machinery. The industrialized nations had to export the machinery to the non-industrialized nations. However, they could only sell machinery to the non-industrialized nations when the latter found themselves in a position to pay for them.     Technologies developed in the last century have similarly influenced society. The following passage explains some of the influences of the latest technologies on society:         Technology-driven changes have been particularly evident in the past century.    Automobiles have created a more mobile, spread-out society; aircraft and improved    communications have led to a smaller world and, eventually, globalization; contraception    has revolutionized sexual mores; and improved sanitation, agriculture, and medicine have    extended life expectancy.  A technologically literate person recognizes the rate of technology    in these changes and accepts the reality that the future will be different from the present    largely because of technologies now coming into existence, from Internet-based activities to    genetic engineering and cloning (â€Å"Technology†). Following the Industrial Revolution, the Internet Revolution was the next most exciting technological change experienced by society. Turning the world into a ‘global village’ where people around the world could communicate with each other at low costs and at any time, the Internet also revolutionized the way business is conducted. Today, consumers from around the world may purchase goods sold online from almost any nation. This, of course, is in stark contrast to the shopping experiences on people’s travels when people could only be excited about foreign goods whilst traveling in foreign lands. Businesses from around the world have grown tremendously because of the Internet. The ex-chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan explained some of the benefits of the Internet and other new technologies back in the year 2000:         The relationship between businesses and consumers already is being changed by the    expanding opportunities for e-commerce.  The forces unleashed by the Internet are almost    surely to be even more potent within and among businesses, where uncertainties are being    reduced by improving the quantity, the reliability, and the timeliness of information.  This is    the case in many recent initiatives, especially among our more seasoned companies, to    consolidate and rationalize their supply chains using the Internet. Not all technologies, information or otherwise, however, increase productivityâ€â€that is,    output per hourâ€â€by reducing the inputs necessary to produce existing products.  Some new    technologies bring about new goods and services with above average value added per    workhour. The dramatic advances in biotechnology, for example, are significantly increasing    a broad range of productivity-expanding efforts in areas from agriculture to medicine.         Indeed, in our dynamic labor markets, the resources made redundant by better    information†¦are being drawn to the newer activities and newer products, many never before    contemplated or available.  The personal computer, with ever-widening applications in homes    and businesses, is one.  So are the fax and the cell phone.  The newer biotech innovations are    most especially of this type, particularly the remarkable breadth of medical and    pharmacological product development (â€Å"Remarks,†2000). New technologies are enhancing man’s ability to create products and services of value. In the boundless ocean of the digital culture, everything should appear as a blessing. But, there are problems that the economy must face alongside the blessings. In the music industry, for instance, the digital age has been seen as a mixed blessing. Because of piracy or MP3’s, whichever name we give to the mixed blessing of the digital economy as it concerns the music industry, the digital economy is presently not in a state to flourish as much as possible even if the steadily rising numerical figures related to the growth of electronic commerce tell us another tale (Muhammad, 1999).     As mentioned previously, another problem facing the global economy in our times is the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots, similar to the one experienced during the Industrial Revolution. According to Friedman, those who are able to use the chip technology most productively today are naturally the winners in the global economy. As compared to these successful nations and businesses are those suffering from the symptoms of Microchip Immune Deficiency Syndrome, which include economic slackness, along with a deficiency to increase the use of knowledge (Friedman). This is the reason why the World Trade Organization acts as a protestor of globalization – which is driven by the World Wide Web – on behalf of the poor nations whenever these nations are threatened by it (Lipsey, 2006). Also according to Friedman, the wealth of the prosperous Bill Gates was at one point equal to the total net worth of at least a hundred million poorest of Americans. Another fact to explain the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots during the globalized Internet Age is that in the United States, the incomes of one-fifth of the poorest working families dropped between 1979 and 1995 by at least 21%, for the simple reason that they did not know how to adopt the new technology. What is more, the incomes of one-fifth of the richest Americans increased by almost 30% during the same time period (Friedman).     Still, new technologies are known to be responsible for growing the economy by increasing organizational effectiveness, that is, in the organizations that can afford the new technologies. Organizational effectiveness is for the organization to be doing everything that it knows how to do, and to be doing it well. The organization knows how to manage its employees, and to manufacture the products or provide the services that it originally set out to manufacture or provide. However, in order to be effective in its operations, the organization should be managing its employees well, and manufacturing good quality products or providing high quality services to its customers. In the organizational environment of today, the organization that is effective in its operations must be effectively using information technology. This is, in fact, one of the requirements of organizational effectiveness in our times (Helms).     The computer software designed for the organization in our time helps to organize plans, letters, legal documents, articles, and countless other files as well as indispensable documents. In other words, software can help to modernize as well as simplify the whole process of working with computer documents (â€Å"New Software,†2006). This helps the organization to do its job well, seeing that computer software is designed to perform routine tasks that humans might perform only with mistakes because they dislike and get easily wearied performing monotonous tasks. Additionally, time is money in the business world.  By using computer software to handle routine tasks with speed, the rich organization is using its human resources at jobs that only skilled human beings would be able to handle. Thus, everything at the organization runs well. The computer software does its own job excellently, while the skilled human beings, without wasting time on routine tasks that computers can handle, perform jobs that computers cannot do. Hence, computer software adds to the skills and specializations at the workplace, which in turn help to increase production, thereby benefiting the economy.     At the same time, however, it should be remembered that everybody in society does not benefit when the economy grows thanks to new technology. Rather, the rich get richer and the poor become poorer. This is the reason why the Internet Age has failed to raise the standards of living of the poorest people in the globe. References Friedman, T. L. (2000). The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Anchor Books. Helms, M. M. Defining Organizational Effectiveness. Retrieved 28 October 2007, from http://www.daltonstate.edu/faculty/mhelms/citizen/2001_10_28.html. Lipsey, R. G. (2006, April 4). Don’t Give Up On WTO: Fix It. YaleGlobal. Muhammad, T. K. (1999, March). Leaders Of The Digital Economy. Black Enterprise, Vol. 29. New software is first of its kind; Solves file organization problems encountered by all computer users. (2006, September 14). M2 Presswire. Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan. (2000, January 13). The Federal Reserve Board. Retrieved 28 October 2007, from http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2000/200001132.htm. Technology Shaped By and Shaping Society. (2007). The National Academies. Retrieved 28 October 2007, from http://www.nae.edu/nae/techlithome.nsf/weblinks/KGRG-55SQTT?OpenDocument. Timeline 16th Century. Magic Dragon Multimedia. Retrieved 28 October 2007, from http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Japanese-Americans and the Constitution :: Japanese-Americans concentration camps WWII
Japanese-Americans and the Constitution A Review of the Smithsonian's "A More Perfect Union" Website Brief Description and Museum's Purpose "A More Perfect Union: ..." is organized as a chronology of events centering around one basic theme: the confinement of Japanese-Americans to "concentration camps" during WWII. I believe the message being conveyed to the public is one of a major apology to these Japanese-Americans and their descendants for the great injustices forced upon them. In addition, the museum attempts to warn the overall public that since such a violation of the constitution has proven possible in the past, we cannot blindly rely on the fabric of our constitution to prevent such injustices from occurring again. We must proceed with caution in matters of civil liberties and work towards achieving a "more perfect union". Organization As indicated above, the exhibit is theme-based, centered around a historical period of time. Because of this, there is a large proportion of text, revealing background history, in relation to the actual artifacts. In my second, more thorough run-through, I certainly found myself reading more than looking at "things". In fact, it seems as though the exhibit only tells the true chronological history to those patient enough to read all of the text. A less thorough visit to the exhibit will undoubtedly result in a skewed view of the past. I will address this issue later in the Critical Assessment section. The exhibit has an obvious beginning (with a mural of the Constitution and an introduction video) and then leads the visitor through a somewhat delineated path towards the exit. There is some freedom to back-track, skip around, and even to go through the entire exhibit backwards if you wish. However, during my time in the exhibit, I observed nearly everyone following the predescribed path. Along this delineated path, the exhibit seems to be broken down into five main "subthemes": the Japanese migration to the U.S., the incarceration process, life inside the detention camps, U.S. military involvement by the Japanese-Americans, and repairing the Constitution. By traveling through the exhibit in this order, the visitor gets a feel for the basic chronology of the events and perhaps how one event led into the other. Critical Assessment Effectiveness and Biases: I believe the exhibition team did an excellent job of conveying their intended message although I am not in total agreement with it. Again, this message is to apologize for the Americans who acted out of hysteria in imprisoning a multitude of fellow citizens who were completely innocent.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Tess of the d’Urberville :: Literary Analysis, Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles is a criticism on Victorian society. But the major, universal idea it criticizes is the existence of true love. Through the relationships Tess has been in, as well as the time era in which Hardy lived in, it has become evident that there will always be a flaw with romance. To begin with, Hardy wrote realist works of literature. In order to escape the â€Å"fantasy†of Romantic works realism was a response in which the true social characteristics of life were illustrated. This is evident in Tess of the d’Urbervilles as Tess is depicted as admitting to the condition of our planet, â€Å"a blighted one†(40). By admitting life and Earth to be a decaying one, Hardy has shown that things could be better, a major standpoint of other social writers of his day. But as well as being a novelist, Hardy was a poet and a renowned one at that as well. In his poem â€Å"Between Us Now†Hardy again demonstrates characteristics of a realist writer: â€Å"Let there be truth at last / Even if despair†(lines 7, 8) meaning that he will be acceptant of both the truth and its consequences. Therefore, Hardy is completely capable of describing social issues, and does so in Tess. Now, the first major relationship Tess is in is with Alec d’Urberville in which she is subjugated to mistreatment. One of the most evident examples of the way Alec treats Tess in the garden, in which he feeds her strawberries while she was â€Å"in a slight distress†and even smokes in front of her, although she claims that she minds â€Å"not at all†(52). Now the clearer example, the strawberry abuse, alludes to the rape which comes later on in the novel. She is forced to consume the strawberry although she would rather â€Å"take it in [her] own hand†(52), obviously showing refusal at a blunt state, In addition to this Alec unabashedly smoked around her, which is not only disrespectful but hazardous to her health. The â€Å"narcotic haze†(52), which permeated the rooms Alec and Tess were in, acted like enigmatic amnesiac clouds of death. They not only limited visibility but choked Tess and damaged her eventually later on. This is also parallel to her rape in that the damage done by Alec was invisible for a long time in both cases. Later on in the novel, Alec is very shortly converted into a devout Christian but is â€Å"tempted†by Tess, whom he calls a â€Å"dear damned witch of Babylon†(377).
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Literature Review of Cultural Leadership Essay
Cultural leadership is a diverse subject to touch upon. This aspect of leadership is constantly growing and changing. People should not look into cultural leadership with biased opinions. Dividing cultural leadership into sub groups just gives people an opinion on how to look at people differently. Cultural leadership should be looked at as a whole, as we are one, working together, with the same goal – to be successful. Cultural leadership profiles are used to classify what followers expect from leaders in ten cultures – cluster groups comprising of sixty-two countries. Six different leadership behavior classifications are used to show what profile is dominant in varying strengths in each region. A successful leader involves more than just planning, coordinate, managing and supervising. A successful leader also has the ability to deal with all genres of people. Whether in involves ethnicity, sexual orientation or people with different cultures. The success of an organization is highly impacted by its culture, which is part of a strategic planning of an organization. What is culture? Culture is defined as the universally shared beliefs, values, and norms of a group of people. Two factors that can hinder cultural awareness are ethnocentrism and prejudice. It is challenging for leaders because it averts them from fully understanding the world of others. Prejudice has a negative impression because it is self-orientated and restrains leaders from seeing the many sides and qualities of others. Whatever makes them unique is their culture. Having a clear understanding of one’s culture, communicating with each other will be much more efficient. Culture has been the attention of many findings across a variety of principles. In the past 30 years a significant number of studies have focused on specifically on ways to recognize and categorize the various dimensions of culture. Determining the rudimentary dimensions or charismas of different cultures is the first step in being able to recognize the relationships between them. Ever since World War II, globalization has been progressing throughout the world. Globalization is the increased interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) between nations. People are becoming more interconnected. There is an increasingly significant amount of international trade, cultural exchange, and use of worldwide telecommunication systems. In the past ten years, our schools, organizations, and communities have become a lot more global. Increased globalization has created many challenges as well, for example the need to design effective multinational organizations, to identify and select appropriate leaders, and to manage organizations with culturally distinctly different employees. Globalization has also fashioned a need to understand how cultural differences affect the leadership performances. Globalization also created the requirement for leaders to become knowledgeable in cross-cultural awareness and practice. First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural settings worldwide. Second, they should learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of multiple cultures. Third, they basically need to be able to work concurrently with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders must be able to familiarize to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to acquire to relate to people from other cultures from a position of equivalence rather than cultural supremacy. Anthropologists, sociologists, and many others have questioned the meaning of the word culture. Because it is a theoretical term, it is hard to define, and many different people often define it in unrelated ways. Here, culture is defined as the learned beliefs, values, rules, norms, symbols, and traditions that are common to a group of people. It is these shared qualities of a group that make them matchless. In summary, culture is the way of life, different customs, and script of a group of peoples. Related to culture, are the expressions of multicultural and diversity. Multicultural indicates an approach or classification that takes more than one culture into interpretation. It mentions to the existence of multiple cultures such an African, American, Asian, European, and Middle Eastern. Multicultural can also denote to a set of subcultures defined by race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or age. Diversity signifies to the subsistence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or organization. Ethnocentrism is the inclination for beings to place their own group (ethnic, racial, cultural) at the center of their interpretations of others and the world. People tend to give importance and value to their own beliefs, attitudes, and values, over and above other groups. Ethnocentrism is the sensitivity that one’s own culture is better or more expected than the culture of others. Ethnocentrism is a worldwide tendency, and each and every one of us is ethnocentric to some degree. Ethnocentrism can be a major impediment to effective leadership because it averts people from fully understanding and/or respecting the perspectives of others. The more ethnocentric we are, the less open or accepting we are of other people’s cultural customs and practices. Prejudice is a general continual attitude, belief, or emotion believed by an individual about another individual or group that is based on defective or unproven statistics. It refers to assumptions about others based on previous decisions or occurrences. Prejudice involves obstinate generalizations that are impervious or change or evidence to the opposing. Prejudice is often thought in the framework of race. In addition to combating their own prejudice, leaders also face the experiment of dealing with the prejudice of followers. These prejudices can be toward the manager or the leader’s culture. Additionally, it is not infrequent for the leader to face followers who symbolize several culturally different groups, and these groups have their own prejudgments toward each other. A experienced leader needs to find ways to negotiate with followers from numerous cultural backgrounds. Training programs about culture and diversity have been admired for many years. At the center of these programs, people are educated about the degrees and characteristics of different cultures, and how to be perceptive to people in other countries and cultures. Considerate about issues about culture is useful in several ways. The discoveries about culture can help leaders recognize their own cultural biases and inclinations. Tolerant of their own preferences is the first step in accepting that people in other cultures might have different predilections Additionally, the findings help leaders to apprehend what it means to be a noble leader. Different cultures have different ideas about what they desire from their leaders. These verdicts help our leaders adapt their style to be more operative in different cultural settings. Third, the findings help leaders correspond more effectively across cultural and geographic boundaries. By considering cultural differences, leaders can become more empathic and precise in their communication with others. Information on culture and leadership has also been applied in very concrete ways. It has been used to construct culturally perceptive Web sites, design new employee orientation programs, organizing programs in relocation training, advance global team effectiveness, and expedite multinational merger implementation. These illustrations clearly specify the wide range of applications for research on culture and leadership in the workplace. GLOBE researchers allocated the data from the 62 countries they studied into regional masses. These masses provided a expedient way to investigate the similarities and differences between cultural groups, and to make significant generalizations about culture and leadership. In sum, these regional masses exemplified a valid and dependable way to differentiate countries of the world into 10 distinct groups. The GLOBE studies compromise the greatest body of findings to date on culture and leadership. GLOBE researchers studied how 17,000 managers from 62 different countries perceived leadership. They evaluated the similarities and differences between regional clusters of cultural groups by grouping countries into 10 distinct clusters; the outcome was a list of leadership attributes that were universally recognized as positive and negative. The representation of an ineffective leader is someone who is asocial, malicious, self-focused, and autocratic. The conceptualization of leadership used by GLOBE researchers was consequential in part from the work of Lord and Maher on implicit leadership theory. Concurring to implicit leadership theory, individuals have implicit beliefs and opinions about the qualities and theories that differentiate leaders from non-leaders and effective leaders from ineffective leaders. â€Å"Leadership is in the eye of the beholder.†Leadership refers to what people see in others when they are demonstrating leadership behaviors. To depict how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others, GLOBE researchers identified six global leadership behaviors: * Charismatic/Value-Based Leadership: Reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values. This kind of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Team-Orientated Leadership: Emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, non-malevolent, and administratively competent. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Participative Leadership: Reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes being participative and non-autocratic. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Humane-Oriented Leadership: Emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous. This type of leadership includes modesty and sensitivity to other people. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Autonomous Leadership: Refers to independent and individualistic leadership, which includes being autonomous and unique. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Self-Protective Leadership: Reflects behaviors that ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group. It includes leadership that is self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, face saving, and procedural. (Peter Northouse 2012). Cultural Leadership in organizations always seems to miss the discussion of how leadership keeps culture in organizations stable. Charisma is where it all begins. Therefore having multiple cultural leaders helps to resolve this issue. Most leaders do and say different things, but in the end, everyone just wants success. Whether that success is culture, coordination, or a profitable business, or all of those things, many people learn to cope with differences by experience. Experience is the best form of knowing, therefore, to be a great leader; you have to start somewhere. The leader, the followers, and the situation, all have to do with leadership. As well as playing a significant role in cultural leadership. Or any type of leadership for that matter. Personal qualities, perceived situation, vision and mission, followers’ and attributes, leader behaviors, performance, administrative actions, use of cultural forms, and the use of tradition all are key elements to a successful leader, their followers, the business, and the outcome of the business, organization, company. Multicultural is increasing all over the world. Even though America is known as the melting pot, everywhere across the world have cultural behaviors within their organization. Ethics affects leadership, as well as tradition. But studies complied on cross-cultural leadership have been attained, and this helps us to understand the differences between different cultures from our own. Decaregorization is a cultural leadership style for employees to become more aquinted with one another. This style helps companies get to know onw another and interact in a positive manner doing something else besides work. The leader would old a funraiser, etc. Therefore, rather than group-based interactions, this approach will focus on individuality. The following quotes are crucial to cultural leadership, and accepting differences among others. â€Å"Moral excellence comes about as a result of habit. We become just by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts.†– Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (350 BCE). â€Å"Lead them with culture and regulate them by the rules of propriety, and they will have a sense of shame and, moreover, set themselves right.†– Confucius (5110479 BCE). The results of ethical leadership came up with six main themes from the responses of all six societies. Accountability, consideration and respect for others, fairness and non-discriminatory treatment, character, collective orientation – organization and social, openness and flexibility. Each society is unique, and to understand the differences, you must experience it firsthand. Reading and learning will only give your insight. Aforementioned cultural leadership must be learned in person, by the leader and its followers, for they are working towards a common goal. Leadership profiles are used to describe how cultures view leadership behaviors. There are six leadership behaviors identified by Globe researchers, they are: charismatic/value based, team-oriented, participative, humane- oriented, autonomous, and self-protective.( House & Javidan, 2004) Charismatic/value based leadership is being visionary, inspirational, with the ability to motivate high performance from others based on strongly held core values. Team-oriented leadership is instilling a common purpose among team members to encourage a team effort by being collaborative, diplomatic, and administrative competent. Participative leadership involves making others in the decision making process and includes being non-autocratic and participative. Autonomous leadership is being unique, independent, and a individualistic leader. Humane-oriented leadership is being modest and sensitive to other people, being supportive, compassionate, and generous. Self-protective is self-centered, face saving, status conscious, ensuring the safety and security of the leader and group. There are ten distinct groups to differentiate countries of the world into regional clusters ( e. g. Ronen & Shenkar, 1985) Middle East, made up of Qatar, Morocco, Egypt, Kuwait, and Turkey. Nordic Europe which includes Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Latin Europe comprising Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and Switzerland. Latin America made up of Ecuador, El Salvador, Columbia, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Argentina, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Mexico. Southern Asia which includes The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Thailand, and Iran. Sub-Saharan Africa consisting of Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Nigeria, and South Africa. ( Black caucus) Anglo consists of Canada, the United States, Australia, Ireland, England, South Africa( white caucus) and New Zealand. Confucian Asia includes Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, South Korea, and Japan. Eastern Europe is Greece, Hungary, Albania, Slovenia, Poland, Russia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Germanic Europe includes Austria, The Ne therlands, Sweden, and Germany. Middle Eastern culture and leadership perceived to be effective in this region of the world are the interrelationships among societal culture, organizational culture and leadership methodologies. Data collected from four Middle Eastern nations (Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar) provide an insight into the framework of societal and organizational values and management practices in Arab countries. The great majority of the population in Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar are muslins. Turkey has a formal state ideology; the state is independent of religious rules and is run by secular rules mostly adapted from the west. Iran, Kuwait, and Qatar are not secular, but religious laws dominate. Also differences in the Islamic sects, Iran being predominately â€Å"shiite†, Kuwait, Turkey, Qatar people largely â€Å"sunni†. Language may account for part of the differences in Middle East region, while Islamic religion seems to be a common attribute. In making plans and forecasts all four nations are below average and very close to each other, which involves the concept of fate embodied in Islamic beliefs. Effective leadership attributes in Middle Eastern societies have universalistic characteristics and some culture-specific attributes with participation having a different meaning compared to western societies, being centered on satisfaction of egos rather than to improve quality of a decision. Organizational leaders tend to be more sensitive to local cultures and traditions and more future-orientated practices, plus promote change.( Introduction to the special issues on Leadership and Culture in the Middle East, Hayat Kabasakal and Ali Dastmalchian) Face saving and status are important characteristics of effective leadership, and deemphasizes charismatic/value based and team- oriented leadership. Looking after one’s job and security is of the upmost priority for most leaders in this group category. Diversity of management systems exist across contemporary Europe, and societal culture diversity remains unquestionable and frequently preserved as much as possible. The formation of the European Union has opened up all borders, increasing diversity if cultures, all intermingling, changing cultural clustering, and cultural divide between eastern and western Europe. Prior studies of cultural distinctions, cross-cultural studies between east-west and north-south European distinctions are changing from prior data and may need further studies. Managers in Germanic countries make more participative decision-making behavior, central Europe makes more autocratic decisions. West European (Nordic, Anglo, Latin) empathize more â€Å"Equality â€Å"or egalitarian commitment. East and near East countries lean more toward hierarchy or conservatism. North Europe has shown to favor equality and participation, while managers from Southern Europe prefer more hierarchy. A coaching leader is preferred in North Europe, while preference is for a directing leader in South Europe. While self centered and malevolence are seen as impeding leadership in all clusters. Eastern Europe leader would be independent while maintaining strong interest in protecting their position as leader. Nordic Europe want leaders who are inspiring and involve others in decision making, not concerned with status and other self-centered attributes. Anglo Europe want leader to be exceedingly motivating and visionary, considerate of others, team orientated and autonom ous and not autocratic. Latin America leader is charismatic/value based but somewhat self serving, collaborative and inspiring. Confucian Asia leader works and cares about others but uses status and position to make independent decisions without input of others. Sub-Saharan Africa sees effective leadership as caring, should be inspirational, collaborative, and not excessively self centered. A portrait of a leader who is high in integrity, is charismatic/value based, and has interpersonal skills is one whom almost everyone would see as exceptional. (Dorman et al. 2004) After major corporate failures and financial failures of banks and other high impact institutions, being honest and trustworthy could be a high priority for leadership positions in all culture groups. Other personal traits or learned skills would be useful and desirable attributes but lower on the priority scale. Being positive and intelligent definitely would be useful as a leader of any type of venture or business. There are a lot of other positive attributes that would be desirable for leadership; among them is one that plans ahead, having foresight to accurately see what is coming up in near and long range time predictions. Being a team builder, instilling confidence in others encouraging them with a just and dependable example. Personal traits such as being administrative skilled, decisive, and motivating people to be excellence oriented would be very beneficial to any leader and followers. Leaders should be aware and knowledgeable of the many undesirable attributes that can be obstacles in being an effective leader. Being a loner and anti-social would be very negative in showing followers your concern for them and gaining their confidence. The most visible and destructive undesirable attribute in recent events is that of being ruthless, as you would think of people in financial leadership of banks and wall street that caused the massive collapse of the world economies. Being dictatorial and egocentric is very bad for keeping a positive relationship with followers. Personal traits like being irritable and non-cooperative would be hard to understand by followers. There are many strengths associated with classifications of culture groups into clusters that can be easily be utilized for leadership profiles so as to provide a data base of reference for managers of international corporations. Providing valuable asset for training more efficient leaders is one of the strength, it also provides a good understanding of how different cultures have an impact upon leading a workforce into better cohesion and productive atmosphere in the workplace. What followers expect from leaders is a signal to upper management as to what type of person would be more effective with a certain culture group. A second strength could be that this provides useful information/guidelines about what is accepted as good and bad leadership, a yardstick for managers/leaders to measure how do I measure up? Leadership and culture are two separate studies, but inseparable in effective leadership programs. There are some criticisms on culture and leadership classification studies in that a lot of findings about perceptions of leadership in different cultures do not provide a clear set of assumptions and propositions that can be used to provide a single theory about the way culture influences the leadership process. Another one would be in that some of the terms used are hard to understand without any education about the diversity of world culture. The meanings of some terms are very vague. The conceptualizations in these studies of culture and leadership integration has had varying reception from people on that it being a process of being perceived by others as being a leader. Also the way a provocative list of universally endorsed desirable and undesirable leadership attributes are presented. Different cultures have different ideas about what they want from their leaders. Understanding the diversity of cultures in the workplace today can be very positive for leaders and followers in their pursuits. While there are many studies on culture leadership and the GLOBE Study, there is also a model that helps leaders in achieving effective cultural leadership. In that it helps them understand the difference that exits among national cultures. The model was developed by Geert Hotstede. In his research he outlines the variation of national culture into five dimensions. They are as follow: individualistic/collectivistic, high power distance/low power distance; high and low uncertainty avoidance, achievement/nurturing; and long-term/short-term orientation. Familiarity with the GLOBE Study and the Hofstede model, leadership culture is made easy and will increase organizational effectiveness. This will also create better relationship among nations. This will benefit the common good of all through respect and better communication. Individualistic people; according to Hofsede, worry about themselves and that of those who are close to them or who are like them. They tend not to trust outsiders. In contrast, collectivistic work in groups, much like team players. The second dimension of Hofsede’s study is power distance. Some cultures have accepted high power distance and others low power distance. High power distance cultures display great respect for those in authority or power holders. This model is seen based on the difference between leaders and their followers. It is obvious in pay scale, benefits and promotions. Though lower power distance: power is distributed more equally among group members; there is much lateral communication line between subordinates and leaders. Third dimension is high uncertainty avoidance. This dimension is concerned with the impact of societal norms, ritual and what is being done in avoiding uncertainty. Organizations want to be able to predict the future based the rules of cultures are used. They live under constant stress because of fear of the future. In contrast; low uncertainty avoidance is comfortable with risks, they do not impose or create friction over differences in behaviors and or others opinions. Those cultures in the low uncertainty avoidance tend to be more tolerant of others. The next dimension is achievement; those belonging to this group tend to be more aggressive. They are assertive, they are confrontational, there is a lot of greed for money and they lack humility. They encourage competitiveness among them and others. Whereas the opposite of that is nurturing, they value relationship and are genuinely concern about the wellbeing of others. The last set of dimension of natural culture is long-term orientation. They are optimistic of the future and they are persistent. Though short-term orientation, they stay in the past, they place high importance on values of the past. In addition to the Five Dimensions of National Culture as described by Hofsete, there is for additional dimensions that affect cultural leadership. They are as follows, and I quote as listed in Northouse (2010): * Institutional Collectivism: An organization or sociality encourages institutional or societal collective action. (Peter Northouse 2012). * In-Group Collectivism: People express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. In-group collectivism is concerned with the extent to which people are devoted to their organizations or families. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Gender Egalitarianism: An organization or society minimizes gender role differences and promotes gender equality. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Assertiveness: People in a culture are determined, assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their special relationships. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Future Orientation: People engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Performance Orientation: An organization or society encourages and rewards group members for improved performance and excellence. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Humane Orientation: A culture encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. (Peter Northouse 2012). Through all of the studies it has been concluded that there is exact correlation between the culture of an organization and its effectiveness. And it also shows that a lot of those dimensions have a negative impact on the organization. In conclusion, cultural leadership is one of the major principles every organization, company, person needs to fully grasp. For decades, many researchers have been prophesying that globalization, increased technology, civil rights legislation, and changing demographics will generate new encounters for leaders who administer a diverse organization. All of these elements place a considerably improved probability that workers from both genders, diverse nationalities, ethnic backgrounds, numerous races, and a mixture of religious will be essential to work jointly. This in sum, employees must work together to create a positive environment. This is what naturally will happen, and this is an international effort. References Leadership Theory and Practice Fifth Edition Peter G. Northouse Introduction to the Special Issue on Leadership and Culture in the Middle East(2001) Hayat Kabasakal Ali Dastmalchian Cultural Variations Across European Countries(2000) Felix C. Brodbeck Michael Frese THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL SCIENCES (http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a2b5ee8b-a9d2-4bae-a8ed-16919582d9c5%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=14) Chrobot-Mason, Donna, Ruderman, Marian N. Weber, Todd J, Oholott, Patricia J, Dalton, Maxine A. (Nov 2007) Illuminating a Cross-Cultural Leadership Challenge: When Identify Groups Collide. Volume 18 (11) 2011 (26). Retrieved From http://discover.linccweb.org/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Given Circumstances Activity for Student Actors
Given Circumstances Activity for Student Actors In a dramatic scene or monologue or improvisation, the term â€Å"given circumstances†refers to the â€Å"who, where, what, when, why, and how†of the characters: Who are you? (Name, age, gender, nationality, physical health, mental health, etc.)Where are you? (In a room, outdoors, on an airplane, in a stagecoach, at a party, at a ball, etc.)When does the action occur? (In the present, in the past, in the imagination, in the future, in a dream, etc.)Why are you present in this situation? (Hiding, celebrating, escaping, seeking?)How are you behaving? (Loudly, stealthily, subtly, conversationally, physically, coyly?) Given circumstances are directly stated and/or indirectly inferred from the text of a script or from the interaction with scene partners in improvisational work: what a character says, does or does not do, and what other characters say about him or her. Student Actor Activity To give student actors practice in considering and communicating given circumstances, here is an activity led by Gary Sloan, author of In Rehearsal: In the World, in the Room, and On Your Own. Materials Needed: PaperWriting instruments Directions: Ask students to think about where they currently are (a classroom, a studio, a rehearsal stage) and then give some thought to why they are there.Distribute paper and pens or pencils and give students this writing assignment: Think about yourself and write a paragraph about your current given circumstances- Who are you? Where are you right now and why are you here? How are you feeling or behaving? Ask students to place the most emphasis on the why and the how aspects of this written reflection. (Note: You may choose to have students identify themselves by name or you can leave that part of the â€Å"who†out of the writing.)Give students 15 to 20 minutes of silent writing time.Call time and ask students to place whatever they have written- even if they do not feel it is complete- on a table or chair or rehearsal box located somewhere in the room, preferably in a central location.Instruct all students to walk slowly in a circle around the object holding the pieces of paper. Then , whenever they feel the impulse to, they should take one of the papers (not their own, of course). Once all students have a paper, ask them to familiarize themselves with what’s written on it- Read it carefully, absorb it, think about the words and the ideas.After giving students 5 or so minutes, explain that each will read the words on the paper aloud to the group as if auditioning for a part. They are to treat the words as if they are a monologue and deliver a cold reading. Tell students: â€Å"Read it aloud as if this is YOUR story. Make us believe you mean it.†One at a time, when a student is ready, have each deliver the words on the chosen paper. Remind them to remain conversational and speak as if the words were their own. Reflection After all the students have shared their readings, discuss what it was like to deliver someone else’s words as if they were your own. Liken this experience to what actors must do with lines of dialogue in a published script. Discuss whether and how this activity increased students’ understanding of given circumstances and how to use them in their character work.
Monday, October 21, 2019
buy custom Covenants essay
buy custom Covenants essay Introduction A covenant is an agreement or deal between two parties and it binds them to a commitment to each other; this may either be conditional or unconditional. There are 7 different covenants explained in the bible; the Adamic, Noahic, Abrahamic, Davidic, Mosaic, Palestinian, and the New Covenant. These different covenants that are made in the Bible between God and his servants remain contentious to some scholars (Soulen, 1981). This paper presents a literary criticism regarding all these covenants. Noahic Covenant This was a covenant between God and Noah found in the book of Genesis 6: 18; it also extends to Genesis 9:11. The covenant involved Noah and the floods where God wanted to destroy mankind for their sinful ways (Showers, 1973). The rainbow was the sign of this covenant which would mean that God would not destroy man using water again; this would be seen by all successive generations. The provisions in the covenant were unilateral in that Noah had no roles in the covenant and God would carry out his promises. It was everlasting, universal and unconditional. Harless, (2004) criticizes this covenant in that it does not have a sense of confirmation and that the only confirmed covenant in these readings is the Adamic covenant. In deed he also states that since the other covenants were from the hypothetical covenant of creation then this also remains hypothetical. Harless, (2004) sees it as just a bargain between the participants since no obligation is placed on Noah. Abrahamic Covenant The participants were God, Abraham, his descendants and the Israelites. This is found in the book of Genesis 15: 18; 17: 4-8 and 19-21. The sign of the covenant was the circumcision of the people which would act as Gods commitment to his people. There are three promises in this covenant where one was the personal covenant with Abraham, national promises, and universal promises. The promise of the land of Canaan to the Israelites and that Abraham would be a father of a great nation (Showers, 1990). This promise was unconditional and Abraham can be said to be a father of a nation; on the other hand the land of Canaan and the entire Nile region still remain contentious in that there is still war currently (Harless, 2004). Davidic Covenant This coveant was made between God and David and is in the book of 2 Samuel 7: 8-19; this is seen as an extension of the Abrahamic covenant since David was a descendant of Abraham. He promised David a great name and protection from his enemies; in addition, his name, kingdom and lineage would last forever and would never be done away with (Kline, 2000). This remains in contention since the kingdom of David is not intact till now but this kingdom is believed to be led by Jesus Christ the savior to the Christians. Even so, there are those who do not believe and follow this religion (Ryrie, 2007). The New Covenant This covenant is initially revealed in the book of Jeremiah 31: 31-34; it is believed to be the extension of the Abrahamic covenant which was based on blessing. The participants were God and the people of Israel who were the physical descendants of Abraham. The promises given were regeneration, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit, knowledge and wisdom. This was unconditional as the people of Israel needed not to do anything to get the promises (Blaising, Bock, 2010). The sign is believed to be the blood of Jesus which he did symbolically during the last supper with his disciples. It indicates this cup is the New Covenant in my blood Luke 22:20. It is also eternal as Christians continue taking communion and believe in the forgiveness of sin, the Holy Spirit, a new heart and regeneration. Adamic covenant includes the curses which were pronounced to human kind after Adam and Eve did against the will of God. After Eve was deceived by the devil that comes to Adam in form of a Snake, when Adam and Eve sinned against God they were told to get out the Garden of Eden. The woman was cursed that she will always bear children with pain while men will always labor to get their foods but when they were in the garden they were being given food and drinks. Previously God had Edenic covenant which they were supposed to be in charge of the garden, all the animals and fruits which were in the garden apart from one tree which was as the center of the garden which they were told never to eat it. Once they broke this covenant then God entered in to another covenant with them which is Ademic covenant (Elon, R. (2005). I do criticize this covenant because it was against the initial will of the reason why Adam and eve ware placed in the garden. It seems as if God was tempting them as what w as the reason of being given authority of all the other animals and fruits in tthe garden and not only to eat that one. It did expose them to temptation and its consequences were really harsh. Palestinian Covenant was made between the Israelites and God right before Moses died once they entered the Promised Land. When the Israelites where in the wilderness was because of the sins of the generation which was from Egypt God Cursed them that none of them will enter to the promised land and for forty years they were in the wilderness. God made this covenant at Moab when they were about to enter the Promised Land which was to serve the new generation. God told them that if they will obey the Mosaic Law God will bless the nation abundantly but if they disobey the law the nation will be cursed. He further promised them that he will gather all the other Israelites who have dispersed all over the world and place them at the covenant land (Larondelle, 2005). I would criticize this covenant because its much similar to the Mosaic Law which was given to Moses on behalf of the Israelites which they did not obey at fast and they had to be in the wilderness for forty years. God would have just reinstated the previous covenant and foreworn them on what their descendants faced due to unlawfulness. Mosaic covenant is a conditional covenant which brought about Gods cursing if they do not obey the law or even blessings if they follow the laws upon the nation of Israel. The covenant is different other covenants due to its conditional nature that it is dependent on how the Israelites will live if they obey Gods covenant they will be blessed or they will punished if they disobey them (Hillers, 1969). The main reason why the covenant is significant its because of how God promise was destined to make Israel a holy nation and a kingdom of priests. Although the convent has the Gods future intention to the Israelites such would not have been achieved if at all they do not do in accordance with the law. There are noted weaknesses on the convents which are attributed by the theology systems. This is being set in three ways first it requires the covenants to be compared with different scriptures which supports them or not. Including the prophecy which God did in relation to the future plans of the community being told, the second criticism is in relation to the Mosaic covenant and the better convent which was done by Jesus in Hebrews 8:22 and 7:22 (The Holy Bible, 1999). The third issue is on how the New Testaments Church equates the Israelites. Buy custom Covenants essay
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Top Biology Programs in U.S. Universities
Top Biology Programs in U.S. Universities College and university biology programs provide the opportunity to study a plethora of ideas and concepts. Below is a list of the top biology programs from colleges and universities in the United States. Obviously, publications rate the programs differently, but Ive seen the following programs turn up consistently in the rankings. It is always best to compare and contrast different programs as biology programs are unique. Always choose the best school for your interests and aspirations. Good luck! Top Biology Programs: East Boston UniversityOffers programs of study with undergraduate specialization in behavioral biology, cell biology, molecular biology genetics, ecology conservation biology, neurobiology, and quantitative biology. Brown UniversityOffers opportunities for study at all levels of biological organization, as well as a range of collaborative opportunities for independent study and research. Carnegie Mellon UniversityOne of the nations top private research institutions, this university offers courses that focus on five core areas: genetics and molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics, cell and developmental biology, neuroscience, and computational biology. Columbia UniversityOffers programs to prepare students for careers in basic research, medicine, public health, and biotechnology. Cornell UniversityCornells Biological Sciences program has hundreds of course offerings with concentrations in fields such as animal physiology, biochemistry, computational biology, marine biology, and plant biology. Dartmouth CollegeCourses of study provide students with an understanding of biology at environmental, organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. Duke UniversityProvides opportunities for specializations in sub-disciplines including anatomy, physiology and biomechanics, animal behavior, biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, genomics, marine biology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and plant biology. Emory UniversityOffers advanced programs of study in various sub-disciplines including cell and molecular biology, physiology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Harvard UniversityOffers specialized plans of study in biomedical engineering, chemical and physical biology (CPB), chemistry, human developmental and regenerative biology (HDRB), human evolutionary biology (HEB), molecular and cellular biology (MCB), neurobiology, organismic and evolutionary biology (OEB), and psychology. Johns Hopkins UniversityOffers opportunities for study in biomedical engineering, neuroscience, biophysics, cellular and molecular biology, microbiology, and much more. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)MIT offers courses of study in areas such as biochemistry, bioengineering, biophysics, neurobiology, and computational biology. Penn State UniversityIncludes programs of study in fields including general biology, ecology, genetics developmental biology, neuroscience, plant biology, and vertebrate physiology. Princeton UniversityOffers opportunities for study in areas including molecular biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, and chemical and biological engineering. University of North Carolina at Chapel HillThe programs of study at UNC prepare students for careers in the biological, environmental, and medical sciences. This includes fields such as medical, dental, and veterinary medicine. University of PennsylvaniaOffers areas of study including genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, development, plant biology, vertebrate physiology, neurobiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution. University of VirginiaThe biology curriculum offers specialization in areas such as genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, ecology, and evolution. Yale UniversityThe Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (MCDB) provides opportunities for study in biotechnology, plant sciences, neurobiology, genetics, cell and developmental biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and chemical biology. Central Indiana University - BloomingtonStudents earning a degree in biology at this university are prepared for careers in biology, biotechnology, and health-related fields. Specialized areas of study include ecology, genetics, microbiology, cellular, developmental, environmental, and molecular biology. Michigan State UniversityOffers various programs in the biological sciences including biochemistry and molecular biology. Northwestern UniversityOffers opportunities for study in the biological sciences with concentrations in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, neurobiology, physiology, and plant biology. Ohio State UniversityPrograms of study include forensic biology, life sciences education, and pre-health professions. Purdue UniversityOffers a wide range of study in fields of biology such as biochemistry; cell, molecular, and developmental biology; ecology, evolution, and environmental biology; genetics; health and disease; microbiology; and neurobiology and physiology. University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignProvides opportunities for study in genomics, physiology, ecology, evolution, and cell and molecular biology. University of IowaOffers biology programs of study in areas including cell and developmental biology, evolution, genetics, neurobiology, and plant biology. University of Michigan at Ann ArborPrograms provide opportunities for study in ecology and evolutionary biology; molecular, cellular and developmental biology, and neuroscience. University of Notre DameBiological and environmental sciences programs allow students to study evolutionary biology, cellular and molecular biology, cancer biology, immunology, neuroscience, and more. Vanderbilt UniversityOffers courses and research opportunities in biochemistry, structural biology and biophysics, cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, computational biology, evolutionary biology, ecology, developmental biology, and neurobiology. Washington University in St. LouisProvides opportunities for study in genetics, neuroscience, development, population biology, plant biology, and more. West Arizona State UniversityThe field of biological science at Arizona State offers opportunities for study in animal physiology and behavior; biology and society; conservation biology and ecology; genetics, cell and developmental biology. Baylor UniversityBiology programs at Baylor are designed for students interested in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, ecology, environmental science, wildlife, conservation, forestry, genetics, or other areas of biology. Rice UniversityOffers opportunities to study in biochemistry and cell biology; biological sciences; ecology and evolutionary biology. University of Colorado at BoulderOffers four undergraduate biology-related programs of study in molecular, cellular and developmental biology; ecology and evolutionary biology; integrative physiology; and biochemistry. University of KansasProvides opportunities for study in biochemistry, biology, microbiology, and molecular biosciences. University of MinnesotaPrograms of study in biology and in cell and molecular biology are offered for individuals interested in graduate study or professional training in the biological and health sciences. University of MontanaOffers opportunities to earn degrees in biology, microbiology, and medical technology. University of Nevada Las VegasUNLVs biological sciences program offers areas of concentration in biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, comprehensive biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, education, integrative physiology, and microbiology. University of OklahomaThis biological sciences program prepares students to enter medical, dental, or veterinary training, as well as other biology-related careers. University of OregonOffers biology programs of study with concentrations in ecology evolution; human biology; marine biology; molecular cellular developmental biology; and neuroscience behavior. University of Wisconsin at MadisonThe University of Wisconsins biology program includes opportunities for specialization in neurobiology and evolutionary biology. Pacific California Institute of TechnologyOffers opportunities for study in biology or bioengineering. Stanford UniversityThis biology program gives students the foundation needed to pursue careers in the medical and veterinary fields, as well as preparation for graduate study. University of California at BerkeleyProvides opportunities for study in biochemistry molecular biology; cell developmental biology; genetics, genomics development; immunology pathogenesis; and neurobiology. University of California at DavisStudent may choose to major in several concentrations including biochemistry and molecular biology; biological sciences; cell biology; evolution, ecology and biodiversity; exercise biology; genetics; microbiology; neurobiology, physiology and behavior; and plant biology. University of California at IrvineOffers opportunities for study in biological sciences, biochemistry and molecular biology, biology/education, developmental and cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, genetics, microbiology and immunology, and neurobiology. University of California at Los AngelesProvides opportunities to study in biology and a number of biology-related areas including ecology, behavior, and evolution; marine biology; microbiology, immunology, molecular genetics; molecular, cell developmental biology; integrative biology and physiology; neuroscience; and computational systems biology. University of California at Santa BarbaraStudents may choose to major in several specialized areas of biology including aquatic biology; biochemistry and molecular biology; ecology and evolution; cell and developmental biology; pharmacology; physiology; and zoology. University of Southern CaliforniaOffers opportunities for study in biological sciences, human development and aging, neuroscience, environmental science, and more. University of Washington at SeattleProvides opportunities for study in areas of biology including ecology, evolution, conservation biology; molecular, cellular developmental biology; physiology and plant biology.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Islamic Accounting & Financial Reporting Assignment
Islamic Accounting & Financial Reporting - Assignment Example The risks towards one’s life, wealth and health are growing as numbers of incidents and thefts are growing in all parts of the world but these threats are more severe in the case of Islamic countries where terrorism and unlawfulness is rising all the time (Lapidus, 1996). The whole idea behind Islamic Takaful insurance is to legalize and Islamize the notion of insurance (Maysami & Williams, 2006). The conceptual framework of Takaful insurance is not a new one because Prophet Mohammad had implemented it fourteen centuries ago. However, the featured concept is based on mutual cooperation of all the policyholders (Wahab, Lewis, & Hassan, 2007). The funds are gathered and then deserving policyholder is paid by all others so that he or she can get through a rough time. The responsibility of each policyholder to pay the suffering partner is found to be stemming from ethics and humanity. No legal measures are taken in order to bind policyholders to help each other. The Islamic teachi ngs promote charity and genuine concern for others and the emphasis on the need to assist those Muslims who are going through rough times increase manifold in Islamic teachings and Quran. The policyholders usually do not help those partners who did not help them in the difficult period of life and it is also considered totally acceptable by Muslim Scholars as human relations are based on rule of reciprocity. The Takaful insurance challenges the presence of interest which according to teachings of Islam promotes exploitation and social inequality in the society. Moreover, it is imperative to note that Takaful insurance is not a very powerful tool of moneymaking right now and therefore, the companies engaged in this business have to get themselves ensured with other conventional service providers in order to remain afloat in the industry. Additionally, most of the Muslim capitalists do not consider the notion of Takaful insurance viable in nature because according to them, it ignores
Friday, October 18, 2019
Globalization impact on supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Globalization impact on supply chain - Essay Example The supply chain has also seen the impact of globalization on its management, and the globalization practice can be seen in various companies that have global operations and market places (Monczka et al 2010). The essay analyses the globalization practice with discussion on its key elements related to the supply chain management. Furthermore, there is discussion of major benefits as well as risks associated with the globalization practice in the supply chain management so that the issues associated with the practice in the companies can be analyzed. This is analyzed with the help of the case study of a manufacturing organization with barriers on implementation of the globalization practice. Analysis of the globalization practice The forces and practice of globalization are changing the supply chain. The supply chains are becoming disintegrated. Product designers, marketers and manufacturers are widespread over various continents with organizations that have different languages, cultu res as well as different business objectives. The key elements of the globalization practice in supply chain management are integrated supply chain, maintenance of flexibility, balancing of risks and rewards, and clear understanding of the global marketplace and management of costs and complexities (Kersten 2011). It is necessary to understand the global landscape and companies should also have a proper plan in place for the recognition of how to capture the opportunities present in the new market. Maintenance of flexibility is another key element in the globalization practice and the supply chains that are global in nature have to remain flexible enough so that they can quickly shift to the new identified opportunities and grab them quickly (Creating the Optimal Supply Chain 2012). The principles of the supply chain are basic, but the execution of globalization practice in the supply chain is different and complex as under this practice, the company has to navigate through the comp lexities of the global supply chain in the areas such as sourcing, manufacturing and the process of delivering across different parts of the world (Mangan et al 2008). Managing component costs and logistics costs is another key element of the globalization practice in supply chain management. Component costs include costs related to raw material, energy, facility, labour, overhead, and productivity. Logistics costs include transportation, warehousing, administration, packaging and inventory (The Faculty of Thunderbird and The American Graduate School of International Management 2000). The impact of globalization on supply chain is vast. It has made supply chains to become more efficient and has helped the companies to create competitive advantage with creation of strong infrastructure. The impact of globalization practice is such that competitors from different areas around the world are competing against the established market leaders that have a depth of resources, deep customer l oyalty and known brands. This has happened because of the flexibility in the supply chai
Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4
Chapter 7 - Essay Example 960s, advertising has gone through several changes and due to these changes, the current advertising techniques have gained much more persuasive strength. Creative revolution from 1960s has made advertising to become much more effective than it was traditionally. Due to creativity revolution, advertisement today is able to confer a strong beneficial effect on prices of brands. Creativity revolution is believed to be the soul of branding and advertising. It is what gave life to today’s advertising messages about services and products (Samuel, 2012). Without creative revolution in advertising, today’s advertising would be insignificant or boring in the minds or hearts of the target consumers. For instance, most advertisers often seek advice from advertising agencies for development and designing of ads that will enable them attract a large population of customers. Creative revolution in advertising has resulted to what is mainly referred to as digital advertising. The creative revolution has replace many conventions in the advertising sector bringing more creativity and inspiration to advertising messages. Due to creative revolution advertisement is very important in today’s world based on the benefits it brings to business organizations due to their effectiveness. For instance, magazines and newspapers are used in today’s advertising to address a certain group of customers. The type of products and services advertised in this platforms are very attractive to grasp the reader’s attention. Apart from magazine and newspapers, advertisement is currently done via radios and television to persuade a large group of consumers (Sanje & Senol, 2012). The current advertisement methods have deeper impact on the minds of the consumers compared to the traditional ones. Creativity has also resulted to business men using celebrities to be pictured in their advertisements so that many consumers will consider them as fashion trends. Revolution in advertising has
Thursday, October 17, 2019
The Sports Restaurant (Final Paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The Sports Restaurant (Final Paper) - Essay Example critical skills and abilities needed to start and run the proposed business would come from the management team with the following skills: entrepreneurial, leadership and management, communication, problem-solving, conflict-negotiation, and genuine enthusiasm as well as knowledge in running a restaurant. It would make money through effective strategies using the 4Ps: Product: since the core competency of the sports restaurant is the use of very healthy and high protein organic food and supplements, as well as the preparation food could be tailored according to the customers’ distinct tastes and preferences, the restaurant is expected to be appealing to the health conscious clientele. Place: to be situated in commercial district where business or even universities abound. Price: competitively priced since sources of raw materials could be supplied by local dairies, farms, and reliable suppliers. Promotions: initially in local advertising medium: radio, flyers, posters, to name a
Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13
Questions - Essay Example The executive branch is conferred â€Å"with exemptions and qualifications†in the President of the United States; he also has the power to veto laws (Davis 1). The president is not obliged to enforce the law; instead, the president’s minions should perform these duties. Lastly, the judicial branch of the government has the authority to decide over cases and disputes. This power is conferred to the Supreme Court and lower courts as recognized by the Congress. Each branch of the United States national government possesses powers that it can utilize to check and balance the functions and activities of the other two branches. Declaring George Washington’s greatest achievement would always be subjective and indefinite in nature; but, in all probability, he desisted from taking more power than what was appropriate (Wood 105). After his resignation as the Commander-in-Chief of the continental Army, the people wanted him to become the King of the newly-formed nation; nevertheless, he refused to accept this fate, and instead, he wanted to have a democratic and free country. He was thorough of upholding a good standing by precluding political conspiracy. He showed no attention and notice over partiality and cronyism. Perhaps his greatest failure was when he approved the passing of The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which provided slaveholders the right to regain their property; also, to help a runaway slave is a grave crime, which eventually permitted the proliferation of slave chasers within the United States’ territories. This is a rather subtle move to sustain slavery, which is contradictory to his desire to create a democratic and free country. On the whole, Washington’s administration led the successful emancipation of the slaves, which although hampered in his initial decision to implement The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, eventually
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
The Sports Restaurant (Final Paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The Sports Restaurant (Final Paper) - Essay Example critical skills and abilities needed to start and run the proposed business would come from the management team with the following skills: entrepreneurial, leadership and management, communication, problem-solving, conflict-negotiation, and genuine enthusiasm as well as knowledge in running a restaurant. It would make money through effective strategies using the 4Ps: Product: since the core competency of the sports restaurant is the use of very healthy and high protein organic food and supplements, as well as the preparation food could be tailored according to the customers’ distinct tastes and preferences, the restaurant is expected to be appealing to the health conscious clientele. Place: to be situated in commercial district where business or even universities abound. Price: competitively priced since sources of raw materials could be supplied by local dairies, farms, and reliable suppliers. Promotions: initially in local advertising medium: radio, flyers, posters, to name a
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Research questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3
Research questions - Assignment Example Social media is making people more introverted because it cuts of asynchronous communication. Considered a form of social media, social networking sites have altered the way people communicate, interact and respond, in particular reference to personal and professional relationships. Communication over the phone is considered more trivial than actual human interaction. This is beyond the comprehension as technology has truly taken over from all aspects, including doing easy tasks. Social media has overly taken an every human task and has automated it with a personalized tasks such as texting or tweeting someone. Social media has become a huge source of creating an introverted generation in which stion remains- has the Internet produce a thinking and analysis in children? Are We Losing Our Ability to Think Critically?, an excellent article written by Samuel Greengard certainly agrees with this phenomena. As a matter of fact, conducive research statistics indicate this to be a vital force as many children use GOOGLE as a search
This great essay i found about life (not mine) Essay Example for Free
This great essay i found about life (not mine) Essay â€Å"Life is beautiful and yet life is not a bed of roses. Though it is full of ups and downs it has many facets of blessings and successes. To some people, life is hard, cruel and merciless. These set of people see life as punishment throughout their entire lives. They therefore resigned themselves to fate, believing all is finished. To them, nothing that they do can ever be good. They take delight in committing crimes and maiming others to avenge their ill-fortune. They lost every sense of direction and most times, some of them go as far as committing suicide, just to escape the injustice life has meted out to them. But there are those who see life as a challenge, a channel of discovery and innovation, a prospect for success and a gateway to wealth. To them life is sweet, colourful and kind. No matter the situation these people find themselves, they keep pressing on, believing in a cause, a cause to succeed and get the most out of life. No wonder an adage says, â€Å"Where there is life, there is hope.†The will to succeed or fail lies within an individual jurisdiction. You can live life to the fullest with utmost satisfaction and fulfillment if you determine with all your mind, body and soul to succeed. On the other hand, life can be miserable to you if you take everything for granted and wait on fate to play itself out. Setting of goals and strategic plans that will strive no matter the odds which may move against you is one of the basic things needed to get the best out of life. These goals which must be result oriented, should be followed up consistently even if things seem blurred or unyielding at first. Also, the mind is the centre of everything. It controls your thoughts and beliefs. A focused mind has never fail. A positive mind helps one to discover his talents and potentials. Great men and women, both living and dead, had their minds focused on something and nothing deterred them from achieving their dreams. Each of them had a belief, should I say faith, which they held onto, they nurture the belief, focused all their attention and live on it. And today, we have benefited in one way or the other from their inventions and great ideas. Life is a challenge. And for anyone to succeed in life, he must be ready to show the stuff he is made of. He must be ready to sacrifice his time and build up his mind frame toward success. What is happening in our environment should not influence or affect us in our daily quest for success in life. Instead, we should control the happenings around us.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Changing Rights Freedoms of Aboriginal People in Australia
Changing Rights Freedoms of Aboriginal People in Australia OUTCOMES ASSESSED HT5-2: sequences and explains the significant patterns of continuity and change in the development of the modern world and Australia HT5-3: explains and analyses the motives and actions of past individuals and groups in the historical contexts that shaped the modern world and Australia HT5-6: uses relevant evidence from sources to support historical narratives, explanations and analyses of the modern world and Australia HT5-7: explains different contexts, perspectives and interpretations of the modern world and Australia HT5-8: selects and analyses a range of historical sources to locate information relevant to an historical inquiry HT5-9: applies a range of relevant historical terms and concepts when communicating an understanding of the past HT5-10: selects and uses appropriate oral, written, visual and digital forms to communicate effectively about the past for different audiences In this task you will be assessed on how well you: Show an understanding of the Changing Rights Freedoms of Aboriginal People in Australias history. Present evidence reliant upon the topic you have studied in class during Term One, as well as your own research. This will include the impact of European occupation of Australia; Human Rights; legislation pertaining to Aboriginal Australians from Settlement to the current day. The ability to examine history through a multi-modal presentation. DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY This assessment will be in THREE PARTS as outlined below. The year 2017 has seen controversy emerge surrounding the celebration of Australia Day on January 26th. This date coincides with arrival of the First Fleet and the beginning of the loss of rights and freedoms of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. In order to explain to the Australian public why members of the Australian public have protested and campaigned to change the date of Australia Day, Triple Js Hack program has invited you on to the program to provide an explanation of this issue. You have been provided with the questions prior to your interview in order to prepare your responses. Complete the scaffolded transcript attached which will form the majority of your response to the interview. You must include a Harvard style bibliography. TO BE SUBMITTED: THURSDAY, 2 MARCH 2017 Record your response using a recording device and upload to OneNote/Stile (per teachers instruction). Your verbal response is an audio recording of your transcript and must be no longer than 5 minutes in length. TO BE SUBMITTED: THURSDAY, 2 MARCH 2017 You will complete a source analysis (ADAM PRU) of one source during class time in week 6, answering an unseen question. The source will be directly related to what you have studied for Parts A and B. TO BE COMPLETED IN CLASS: MONDAY, 6 MARCH 2017 TRANSCRIPT Transcript of Triple Js Hack program featuring JITHIN ABRAHAM Presenter: Recent protests and demonstrations have occurred on Australia Day 2017 (26th January) in opposition to the celebration of Australia Day on this date. Why do you think this is? [Jithin]: Well as we all know Australia day is well known for Captain Cooks arrival of the First Fleet but, in truth what many of us dont know is on that same day is what aboriginals call invasion day. This day symbolizes the denial of rights and freedoms of aboriginal people. Just as Paul Keating said, we failed to make the most basic human response and enter into their hearts and minds (Redfern speech). During this timeframe, indigenous Australians have experienced discrimination, inequality and lack of opportunity. Shane Howard in Solid Rock sang Wasnt long before they felt the sting White man, white law, white gun. To many Aboriginals this day is very little about celebrating and rather about remembering of a deep loss. A Loss of their land, family, and the right to practice their culture. Presenter: So what was the nature of the contact between the first settlers and Aboriginal Australians? [Jithin]: Um, it seems to me the early European settlers were just as curious as aboriginals. For instance, Captain Cook wrote: I cannot tell if these natives are the most miserable, or the happiest people on earth. The aborigines were a peaceful and nomadic group of natives. We know the English were told be at good terms between aboriginals. But gradually we realize the strong connection indigenous Australians had with the land was being disrespected as White settlement expanded. Without doubt, we understand white settlers felt vastly superior to the indigenous population leading to violence, prejudice and racism. Presenter: Can you explain to the audience the impact this would have had on Aboriginal Australians at this time? Maybe this is why it has been referred to as Invasion Day? [Jithin]: So, we understand white settlement had a dark and devastating impact on aboriginal Australians. Many aboriginals were forced off their ancestral land and became displaced. This led them to new diseases introduced by settlers, which they had had no immunity too. Just like Djinyini Gondarra said The land is my mother. Like a human mother, the land gives us protection, enjoyment and provides our needs. Due to this, they were unable to access food and water, which made them more fragile and powerless. Also during this period violent conflict between settlers arose causing many heartless deaths. The impact of white settlers resulted in a drastic decline in the indigenous population. Presenter: You mentioned the government policy of protectionism, what was this exactly? [Jithin]: Yeah, the policy of protectionism ran for around 68 years and the main idea behind it was to control and separate aboriginal people from the white population and from each other. The policy of protectionism placed restrictions that denied their independence, freedom and basic human rights. Rights such as the where aboriginal people should live were denied and instead, the government directed how aboriginal people should live. The freedom to express their traditional customs were banned. The protector was the legal owner of all personal property rightfully owned by the aboriginal workers. Spending money even to buy basic items was restricted. The freedom to marry whoever had to be granted by white superiors and traditional names were refused. We can clearly understand this policy was very RACIST towards aboriginals. Presenter: Can you just outline for the audience the purpose of reservations and missions during this time period? Who were they administered by [Jithin]: Reserves and missions were enforced by their so-called white protectors. This meant approval was needed to enter or leave fenced areas. By doing this they excluded aborigines from cities and towns, which achieved their purpose of separating aboriginals from the white population. White superiors were strict and conditions inside these reserves were extremely harsh. Just as R. Broome said, It was evident at one point the reserves superintendents were at once policeman, judge and jury. Presenter: The toll on the Aboriginal population of Australia must have been horrendous. What were some of the consequences of this policy? [Jithin]: It was clear that the policies of protection had led to the dispossession, despair and a rapid decline in the size of the Aboriginal population. An Increase in infant mortality, suicide and life expectancy had a great impact. Harsh living conditions directed them to drink and most children lost links with their family and land. Many aborigines missed out on being educated in the language, culture and traditions of their people. Also,numerous mental health problems arose during the lifetime of aboriginal children. Presenter: You mentioned assimilation earlier in the program, what was this? Was it another policy put in place by the government? [Jithin]: Once the government understood the protection policy wasnt going as planned, with expenses and maintenance in running reserves and missions. The way forward was to absorb aborigines into towns and cities and the wider white community. By doing this Aboriginals would lose their cultural background but instead have their status raised. As part of Assimilation, the certificate of exemption was introduced and it required a denial of all cultural identity. It was only accepted to aborigines who were considered as detribalised and which have worked for the white man. Presenter: What would become of full blood Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people during this period? [Jithin]: Well, full blood aboriginals were excluded from white society and placed in reserves and missions. Where they were ignored and left to die out alongside their culture. All opportunities were put back and they relied on each other to sustain. Presenter: And what about those who were deemed half-caste? [Jithin]: As part of assimilation half-castes were absorbed into the wider white community. In promise of a simpler lifestyle away from the harsh conditions found in reserves. But instead they were seen by the assumption of black inferiority and white superiority. Presenter: Just for the benefit of those listeners who have just tuned in, would you mind just defining the term the Stolen Generation? [Jithin]: The stolen generation were identified as those who were of aboriginal origin and were taken away from their families to be put into church missions, foster families and institutions. Under the act of government. Presenter: It sounds as though the impact of this policy was devastating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Can you explain this impact for our listeners out there? [Jithin]: When aboriginal people arrived in towns and cities and the wider white community, they came up against racism and discrimination. Aborigines were rather excluded from hotels and bars, they could only use swimming pools at certain times and sit in certain places at the cinemas. The most terrible part of the assimilated policy was that it led to children being taken away from their parents and families to be put into foster homes. These were known as the stolen generation. Presenter: Do you have an example from the material you have come across from a victim of the Stolen Generation? What was their experience? [Your Name]: Presenter: By todays standards, wouldnt these policies have been a breach of the Declaration of Human Rights? Do you mind just explaining, say three rights that these policies would have contravened? [Jithin]: Yes, they definitely would have breached the declaration of human rights. These policies have violated rights such asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Um, all adults have the right to marriage and to raise a family. Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their family. And we are all equal before the law and entitled to equal protection of the law. Presenter: Wow, some powerful stuff. No wonder that some people are upset with our current celebration of Australia Day on the 26th January. But this isnt the first time people have protested against the abuse of rights and freedoms of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders is it? For the benefit of the audience could you please outline one of these protests? (Who, what, when, where, why) [Your Name]: Presenter: Thank you so much for your time today on Hack. Heres hoping the information you have provided has enlightened some of the more ignorant corners of Australian society. HARVARD STYLE BIBLIOGRAPHY Jens Korff. 2017. Australia Day Invasion Day. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australia-day-invasion-day. [Accessed 18 February 2017 Paul Keating. 1992. Transcript. [ONLINE] Available at: https://antar.org.au/sites/default/files/paul_keating_speech_transcript.pdf. [Accessed 22 February 2017]. Shane Howard. 1982. Lyrics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.top40db.net/lyrics/?SongID=83327. [Accessed 22 February 2017]. Skwirk. 2016. First contact with Europeans. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-17_u-455_t-1228_c-4698/first-contact-with-europeans/wa/first-contact-with-europeans/aboriginal-people-and-torres-strait-islanders/contact-with-europeans-the-effects. [Accessed 22 February 2017]. Skwirk. 2017. Impact of European settlement on Indigenous people. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-426_t-1075_c-4149/WA/10/Impact-of-European-settlement-on-Indigenous-people/_tb-v. [Accessed 23 February 2017]. Nature and Mind. 2014. Quotes. [ONLINE] Available at: https://mindofnature.wordpress.com/2014/07/30/ten-australian-aboriginal-quotes-and-sayings-on-spirituality-nature-and-humanity/. [Accessed 24 February 2017]. R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians Black responses to white Dominance, 1788-1980, Allen Unwin, Sydney, 1982, pp. 178-9 Skwirk. 2016. Life on the reserves. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-14_u-120_t-327_c-1125/life-on-the-reserves/nsw/history/changing-rights-and-freedoms-aboriginal-people/the-aboriginal-experience. [Accessed 26 February 2017].
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Medienrecht in Deutschland :: essays research papers fc
1.     Einleitung Die folgende Hausarbeit befasst sich mit dem Urheberrechtsgesetz bzw. mit den darin enthaltenen Leistungsschutzrechten, in der Literatur auch Nachbarrechte oder verwandte Schutzrechte genannt. Die Rechte der Urheber und damit auch die Rechte der Leistungsschutzberechtigten wurden in den letzten Jahren, aktuell durch die Urheberrechtsnovelle von 2003 sukzessive ausgeweitet. Damit wurde der Durchsetzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel in allen Lebensbereichen und dem gewachsenen Gewicht der Kulturwirtschaft Rechnung getragen. Mit den Leistungsschutzrechten wird nicht der Werkschà ¶pfer geschà ¼tzt, sondern solch eine Leistung, die in einem mehr oder weniger engen Zusammenhang mit der Werkschà ¶pfung steht. Im ersten Teil meiner Arbeit werde ich die Rechte und die Leistungsschutzberechtigten charakterisieren, um dann jeweils auf die einzelnen geschà ¼tzten Gruppen und ihre Rechte einzugehen. Im weiteren Verlauf werde ich auf die Ansprà ¼che der Berechtigten eingehen, um abschließend den Blick auf die Zukunft des Urheberrechts und den damit verbundenen Leistungsschutzrechten zu richten. 2. Entstehung des Urheberrechts und der Leistungsschutzrechte Das Urheberrechtsgesetz hat sich aus dem Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur und der Tonkunst (LUG) von 1901 und dem Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Kunst und Photographie (KUG) von 1907 entwickelt. Die erste Fassung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes (UrhG), wie wir es heute kennen, trat am 9.9.1966 in Kraft. In den folgenden Jahren war die Entwicklung des Urheberrechtssystems eine sehr dynamische, was sich in mehr als 20 konsolidierten Fassungen bis zum heutigen Tag niedergeschlagen hat. Die letzte große Änderung des UrhG war die Urheberrechtnovelle von 2003. Die Leistungsschutzrechte haben sich im Laufe der Entwicklung des Urheberrechts herausgebildet, und dies besonders seit der Konferenz von Rom zur Revision der Berner ÃÅ"bereinkunft, die 1928 stattfand. Es wurden immer mehr auch Leistungen als schutzbedà ¼rftig angesehen, die zwar keine Werkschà ¶pfung im Sinne des Urheberrechts darstellten, aber dennoch einer schà ¶pferischen Tà ¤tigkeit entsprangen. Besonderen Auftrieb fà ¼r die Gesetzgebungsarbeit an Leistungsschutzrechten gab das Internationale Abkommen à ¼ber den Schutz der ausà ¼benden Kà ¼nstler, der Hersteller von Tontrà ¤gern und der Sendeunternehmen, das sogenannte Rom-Abkommen vom 26.10.1961. Hierbei muss beachtet werden, dass es kein Leistungsschutzrecht im Sinne eines umfassenden oder einheitlichen Rechts gibt, vielmehr handelt es sich um die Summe einzelner, getrennt abtretbarer Befugnisse. 3. Charakterisierung der Rechte und der Leistungsschutzberechtigten Die Auswahl der Leistungsschutzberechtigten scheint mehr oder weniger willkà ¼rlich. Nur die  §Ã‚ § 71, 73, 81 UrhG sehen vor, dass ein urheberrechtlich schutzfà ¤higes Werk verwertet wird. Die à ¼brigen Leistungsschutzrechte haben zwar hà ¤ufig, jedoch nicht unbedingt die Verwertung einer Werkschà ¶pfung zum Gegenstand. Auch die durch die  §Ã‚ § 70 ff. geschà ¼tzten Leistungen unterschieden sich: Werden durch die  §Ã‚ § 73 ff.
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