The Main Product In Madonna Cultural Studies Essay

The primary(prenominal) Product In bloody shame Cultural Studies Essaybloody shame born(p) on August 16, 1958 her digit full name is bloody shame Louise Ciccone. born(p) in the Bay City Michigan of America and later move to New York in 1977 to pursue the career in modern dance. In early days she has performed as an artist in the noted breakfast club and emmy. She released her first debut album in 1983 (bloody shame) which became swell advantage. She has emerged as a singer, lyricist, actress, and dancer and as an entrepreneur. She has sold 300 million copies of her albums dry landwide. She has been reinforcing stimulused from gunnies books of military man records as the bestselling female recording artist of all in all duration.Background besides in all bloody shame has seen the bearing very closely, with all ups and d declares in her early days. She formed her own band with her ex-boyfriend Steve bray and they moved unneurotic into practice of medicine building, wh ere they written spick-and-span songs and developed strategies for future. Madonna had tried to speck many symphony directors, agents and record companies to throw her chance. In 1981 there was a certain shift in her victory project. Madonna rather than next the rock genre she extended making dance music which was emerging in New York clubs. She has induct great effort in making her image as a new fashion icon, where she has adopted funky je strongery, cloths and extras. Madonnas panache was soon become the new fashion for just ab issue of the girls around the man.Madonna realised that the dance clubs and the DJs are the first step for her success. She accompany the DJs to fun her songs in clubs and her frequent appearance with her friends in her glossy and funky coiffees thrust people being her fan and friends. The first release was 12-inch which gained huge success in clubs and gained Madonna name and fame. In 1983 her first album was released which she named as Ma donna. Most of the songs became far-famed and hit the US charts. This was just a start for Madonnas success during 1986 to 1990 Madonna has released 6 albums and many of the songs from those albums become the top hits. selling mixThe marketing mix is one of the important frame melt downs to define the increase or chump offering. It includes the basic four Ps which are named as product, price, place, promotion.ProductThe main product in Madonna case is Madonna herself. She was and she still is one of the most successful women in music. She make herself as the icon and ideal for the young generation. Basically Madonna was not only about music. She was more(prenominal) than that, she was a appearance diva, her cloths and fashion ideas were become famous and were adopted by most of the young generation girls. Such as her famous tag boy toy belts, funky apparels etc. essentially her product outline was based on market development and diversification and something new. Madonna has given a new name to fashion and her ideas of panache were copied by millions.PriceIn early days Madonna has put her tracks in New York clubs to gain popularity, with the help of DJs. Later on when she became famous her album was sold instantly and 8million copies were gone from shelves. The price was affordable fit in to that time customers pocket. Madonnas tar digest market has always been the young generation and teenagers who passion rock and dance music. The price penetration strategies and Madonna image has melt downed well to gain her name and money.PlaceMadonna has made the whole world to want her. Her early days of performing started from America New York and she made New York as her starting point to win the world. She was one of the most demanded and listened artist of all times in west. She has gained the name and fame by producing herself as a world(prenominal) singer not to limit herself to America. Her repoints and world tours were great success all around the world. She penetrated the market via her appearances in divers(prenominal) countries. Madonna has left a huge impression on people mind. progressionMadonna has described herself as the intemperately functional, ambitious and determined lady. She has worked hard on promotions she has chosen the best people in the business to develop her global image. She has drilld the club DJs to promote her tracks in early days and later on the agents and organizers who has introduced her to the world of fame. Madonna has worked side by side with the show organizer to arrange her shows in which she has shown her management skills. Her promotion strategies were always jibe to the audience she is going to see. In different countries she has made appearance otherwise with diva and raunchy looks she has attracted many hearts.SWOT epitome of Madonna key stake holders of MadonnaMadonna has many different kinds of stakeholders and at different levels. The main stake holders for Madonna are given bel ow.AudienceCustomers euphony directorsShow organizersAgentsChoreographersNational and local authoritiesMediaCrewDesignersMadonnas scheme is always to try and adopt something new, rather than to stick into one success commandment that risky attitude of her got her more success name and fame. One of her whodunit of success is her attitude toward trying and experimenting new things with her music and temper.Madonnas image has changed with each CD release, her brand essence remain constant. This is a major go against of her appeal.overt sexualityfemale empowermentrebellionthe celebration of successspiritual honestyMadonna embodies a freedom of spirit, material success and politico-sexual honesty which is seen by many as the apogee of feminism.PEST AnalysisPorters five forces modelValue mountain chain analysisMadonnas time entertain chain contains few very strong key factors, which start from the show organizers/music directors/producers. Then the operations in which the actual process starts to create value for customers. In which all stake holders such as (choreographers, designers hair stylists, dress designers and stage designers etc.) work together to make sure customers get what they paying for. Once the operations finish their part, then its time for marketing and promoting the feature or the product. Marketing and promotions is very integral step in the value chain. The customers have to get aware of what they going to get and when and where. It could be through with(p) via using different methods of marketing communications. Once the marketing and promotions has done their part, its time for product to get into market and available at sellers and selling points. The delay part in that case is service Madonna always tries to give the value to its customers money and provide the best and quality time to her fans.all(a) these factors help Madonna to get competitive advantage in her genre. nation are loyal to Madonna and her talent. Madonna stink pot use her name to make more profit via using the differentiation and diversification strategy which will help Madonna to get the new success. Madonna could maybe enter to other different categories such as apparel, clothing, makeup and jewelry sections where there is a huge female fan following is for Madonna which will get her good profits in long run. strategical options analysis for MadonnaMadonna is getting old she is 52 socio-economic class old the market penetration strategy will not be the viable options. As the animated market is aging and the demographics are changing, so penetrating market will not be able to bestow the success which Madonna desire. Introducing new products in existing market may work out something but still for Madonna to introduce something new in existing market might not be a viable option as mentioned earlier that the existing market has changed drastically but still her strength is RD as she is very hard working does homework before doing som ething so there are chances of this strategy to work out.Madonna has still got opportunity to explore and get into new markets with her existing products there is still the world which needs to be introduced with Madonna. With some mental home in her music and reinventing the tracks with new music videos will work out for her. With the help of technology Madonna can reinvent her music and make it available via internet to large amount of people across the world. Its more risky than market penetration but as Madonna personality is when there is risk there is reward.The best strategy for Madonna is to use the diversification strategy. In terms as Madonna has developed herself as the one of the most successful female artist of all time. In diversification Madonna could perchance introduce herself as the new brand persona, via using her personality and name in addition to collaborating with new brands. Madonna is at such stage where people admire her a lot, the demonstration of new t hings and products under Madonna name would work out. She can possibly train new singers, introduce her own product lines such as cosmetics, jewellery and apparels with Madonna magic touch. Diversification is the most risky strategy as the market and customers are both new. There is more reward in this strategy as well, if successful Madonna can get a new status and place in society and can get a new kind of fame.Conclusion and recommendationsMadonna has seen the life very closely and knows the value of life and money. Madonnas early days were hard and those hard days made her the strong lady, ambitious, determined. She believed that there was something in her and she worked on it and proved herself to be the one of the most successful lady of all time. The art of using people and understanding the changing trends made her successful. presently Madonna has spended the age and name and fame where, she dont need to be on look and use the same tactics which she has used during her early success days. The world has changed and emerged in something completely different way, the technology has made it possible to reach the customers across the world. For Madonna should focus on cashing her image now. By introducing her own line of cosmetics, apparels, jewellery etc. she still can be the style diva for new youth. Madonna could possible use old tactics but with reinventing them according to the new world demands and choices. Madonna could possibly work in production and introducing new singers and helping them develop in music industry with Madonna help. This could possibly keep Madonna in media eyes.

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate tender Responsibility Management EssayCorporate accessible Responsibility (CSR) is an weighty societal issue that alike gains momentum in the food sell industry (Tulder et al., 2007). In an orgasm to psychoanalyse the CSR activities, this report presents the CSR activities of Tesco, which is one of the leading(p) sellers. Further this report analyses the food securities industry and non commercialise surroundings, which explains the internal and external coincidence as important factors to understand the design and the development of the companies CSR activities and motivations.The CSR business models in the retail industry argon inclined towards the forethought of the supply chains. These models arrange the firms what to do or how to do in general, to respond to the ch exclusivelyenges and changes in the retail industry, but do not provide sophisticated analytical models to analyze the actual position of the comp some(prenominal) and deli neate the trajectories to change positions. (Tulder et al., 2007)CSR Corporate affectionate Responsibility is considered to be the future of all organizations in general and the retail industry in specific. However the firms cook to be more than vigorous on the categorization of CSR activities and on how the arranged implementation in the retail organization and in their distribution channels could be obtained. (Tulder et al., 2007)Tesco plc is worlds terce largest, British inter subject grocery and general merchandising retail chain with trading operations in 14 countries. It is the largest British retailer by both spherical sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding 3 billion, and the third largest global retailer based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart and Carrefour. They cater for all sections of the market, with ranges spanning from premium ranges, as salubrious as specialist ranges much(prenominal) as Organic, Fair great deal and Healthy Living. They are as well as into Non-food ranges accounted for 21% of Group turnoer in 2008 and include electrical goods, books, home-ware, sports equipment, individualised finance and clothing. (Tesco, 2009)We understand that our success comes from behaving responsibly and earning the trust of our nodes, suppliers and stakeholders. There are many complex issues that we have to breast on a daily basis, from reducing our environmental impact to ensuring consistent standards across our markets. (Tesco, 2009). Corporate certificate of indebtedness represents an entire appeal to business and is accordingly embodied in Tescos governance tack togetherwork to ensure that the company operates in a responsible and safe way.In general corporeal responsibility is embedded in the next categories Tesco CSR ApproachEnvironmentCommunityprovider and respectable TradingCustomers, selection healthPeopleKPIsTesco CSR ActivitiesThe above show up integrates corporate responsibility in Tescos day-to-day business activities by sustenance fair trade and taking customers, staff, communities and suppliers into consideration, as well as the environment and society.EducationEducation is one of the key areas of Tescos activities including a partnership with I CAN, a br some otherly love that helps children with speech and language difficulties, or religious removeering scholarships and establishing ethnic community centres. A specific programme is the Computers for Schools programme aimed at schools. Tesco provides schools with computers and supports the engross of new technologies in different countries (Tesco, 2007).CharityThe Tesco Charity Trust was establish in 1987 to support national and local communities making grants to charities within the UK (Tesco, 2007).Tesco dedicates 1% of pre-tax profits to good causes and supports charities as well as staff fundraising. In addition the companys supports the Race for Life fundraising event which commissiones on grasscer look for and initia ted the Tesco Charity of the Year (Tesco, 2007).Every course of study Tesco chooses a community charity close to the heart of its staff and customers which becomes the main focussing for staff fundraising and receives 20% top-up of the Tesco Charity Trust. For example the charity chosen for 2005 is get along Concern, an initiative concentrating on supporting older people in the UK by providing services such as day care and fulfilling information needs for topics such as care, money and finance, health, disabilities or neighbourhood issues (Tesco, 2007).EnvironmentIn terms of environmental protection Tesco has integrated its corporate responsibility in its environmental management including topics such as emissions, resources, waste recycling and the companys products. Among others the issues covered are perfect food, animal welfare, green transport and travel and vehicle efficiency. Furthermore Tesco is also concerned with energy efficiency and water consumption as well as its environmental impact in terms of its operations and customers (Tesco, 2007).Wildlife choice for example is an initiative requiring farmers to consider wildlife on their farms. They agree to alter operations and monitor their impact on farmland habitats providing habitats for wildlife such as a farm in the Midlands for example (Tesco, 2007). Tesco works closely with suppliers and farmers to protect wildlife.Tesco marketplace and Non-Market Environment AnalysisIn this report an approach to analyze the market and non market environments is done with the help of taste and using various frame works like An integrated framework (Baron, 1995 2005 32). Also by understanding the non market environment The 4IsSystematic take aimOrganisational LevelIndividual LevelAn Analysis a case analyzed by Lets clean up fashionIssue related to life sentence plightPayment of turn back locks -workers being paid below living wage levels.Tescos focus on primarily on productivity projects.We believ e that sustainable improvements to wages are most often delivered through improved productivity, up skilling workers and workings to ensure our acquire practices support our suppliers ability to invest in their workforce. (Tesco, CSR declare 2009)It lists specific wage and wage-related work under the companioning headingsEnsuring we understand the casing and nature of the issue. Activities Wage surveys and worker interviews in Bangladesh (Tesco, 2007).Setting clear expectations.Activities Lobbying governing in Bangladesh to improve nominal wages, MFA Forum (Tesco, 2007).Supporting suppliers to improve productivity.Activities lengthiness lead times, producing seasonal items out of season to help suppliers plan production, reward ethical suppliers, expanding in-country ethical experts (Tesco, 2007). make long-term relationships to enable investment in workers. Activities Consolidating the supplier base, offering business support to A-list suppliers (Tesco, 2009).Tesco accept that some negligible wage levels are unacceptably low and have conducted a wage survey with a supplier in Bangladesh (lets clean up fashion, 2009).Tescos Plans on Living WagesIts main focus for wages work is to get across with the ETI wages project.This group has experienced some delays over the last year due to its focus on Bangladesh and that countrys political and industrial instability. However, it stated that, useful work has been shared, including by us, in the areas of productivity, efficiency, worker engagement, work flow, and purchasing practices. future(a) the summer this group will re-convene to decide on how to move forward. Building on this work, we will review further initiatives of our own specifically in Bangladesh on productivity and wage improvements. (Tesco CSR Report, 2009)In an analysis done by the Lets Clean up fashion,Tesco seem to have make little jump on towards living wages. Surveys in Bangladesh, showing the training grade for workers being manipulate d by suppliers for extended periods of time, informed a small piece of work to improve wages but this merely brought pay packets up to the legal minimum standard and no more.Tescos belief that productivity is the best route to living wages seems to have ousted a number of other options, such as support for freedom of association and a proper examination of pricing. Its focus on up skilling workers as a part of these improvements may be encouraging for individual groups but doesnt achieve an across the board acquire in wages. It is also unclear how it plans to ensure more skilled and expensive workers are not replaced by new, lower paid, unskilled workers. Furthermore, Tesco makes no mark of any work to ensure worker involvement in any of its projects, which makes us even less convinced that its productivity plans are liable(predicate) to lead to any real benefit to workers.Tescos work with suppliers on purchasing practices offering longer lead times, producing out of season, ens uring long-term supplier relationships, and offering business advice could bring about some improvement. Last year it also acknowledged that price needed to be examined, but no work up seems to have been made in this area and no mention was made of plans to move this forward.Lets hope Tescos engagement in the ETI Wages Project over the coming year will see it start to output wage projects of its own, and utilise serious attention to delivering the living wages expected from a retailer of this size and influence (lets cleanup fashion, 2009).Tescos Position on Relationships with CustomersTesco tries to keep its prices as low as possible than most of the other national superstores. Tesco has an online Price checker, to show its low prices to its customers, through which customers can compare Tescos prices with those of other super markets (CRR, 2006). Price, though, is not the only factor. Value for money, as Tesco describes, includes the quality of the products, the personal service of their staff and the pleasant surroundings in their stores (AR, 1995). Tesco has become openhanded by being like Britain. As Britons became more middle-class, Tesco followed them up market (Econ,2005).Tescos Position on suppliersThe retail sector has a high increase purchasing power, which can be used to cut prices and put instancy on the suppliers (cf. Fearne et al., 2005). Since Tesco is one of the four major global retailers, It is said that suppliers terror to complain about Tesco as they fear being struck off by the retailer (FT2005 FT2005). Tesco however mentions that it takes a partnership approach dapple working with suppliers, sharing their knowledge and listening to suppliers feedback, providing technical expertise, advice and insight into customer trends and making regular payment, on time (AR, 2007). Tesco monitors its relations with suppliers through the Supplier Viewpoint Survey. Their target is that 90% of UK suppliers view Tesco as being trustworthy, reliable , consistent, clear, helpful and fair (92% in 2008, 94% in 2007). In 2007 the international suppliers have started taking part in the Supplier Viewpoint Survey (88%) (AR, 2008). Tesco richly supports the legally binding Supplier scratch of Practice. In exhibit 2005, the government agency of Fair Trading (OFT) audit found no breaches of the Supplier figure at Tesco (CRR, 2006) nor in 2006 (CRR, 2007). In 2005 rival companies and industry groups accused Tesco of decelerate down the Office of Fair Tradings investigation during its early stages. The OFTs main concerns include claims that the supermarkets were slow to pay suppliers, required them to contribute to marketing costs and insisted on retrospectively changing contracts (FT, 2005). The investigation revealed that over the past five years, the core owed to creditors by Tesco had risen by 1.5bn pounds, money it had used to help finance its growth (FT, 2005).Motivations and collaborationsAn attempt to analyze Tescos Motivati ons and its collaborations is done by using the following theoriesStrategy theoryStakeholder TheoryAgency TheoryLegitimacy TheoryAn AnalysisTesco is engaged in number of NGOs and charity organisations. Tesco was engaged withThe scandal Association on extending the organic rangeThe Fairtrade Foundation to promote Fairtrade fortnight and encourage more customers to choose FairtradeDiabetes UK on providing information for customers living with diabetesThe British Red Cross on responding to disasters and emergencies leatherneck Conservation Society and Marine Stewardship Council on sustainable seafood sourcingGreenpeace on sustainable sourcing and climate changeFriends of the populace on palm oil, prawn sourcing and GM animal feedActionAid and Women on Farms on labour standards in fruit farms in SouthAfrica. (CRR, 2006)Tesco is a corporate partner of Forum for the Future and work together on a broad range of sustainability issues.we held a nationwide Community Conference in partnersh ip with the British Red Cross and the Work Foundation. This brought together wilful groups, charities, businesses and government to explore the role of business in local communities (CRR, 2008 CRR, 2007).With regards to scotch development, the 2005 Make Poverty History campaign determine increased trade as one of three key means of eliminating poverty. Tesco sources products from farms in 15 African countries (CRR, 2006). Tesco alive(p)ly supports communities trough sponsoring certain activities like the collaboration with Age Concern to raise 2 million for projects including Fight the Freeze purchasing blankets and heaters for the elderly paying for volunteersto regularly call the elderly to stop them scent isolated, and raising money to pay for meals and provide company for the elderly (CRR, 2006). Tesco aims to give at least 1% of pre-tax profits to charity. In 2007 they succeeded with 1.95% (CRR, 2008) and in 2006 as well with 1.63% of pre-tax profits to charities and goo d causes (CRR, 2007). Tesco has also supported communities in crisis. In 2007, 250.000 pound was donated to people affected by extreme weather conditions.Tesco is a founder member of the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) and expects all their suppliers to follow the ETI Base Code (CRR, 2006). The ETI Base Code includes among others freedom of association and the sort out to collective bargaining, no use of child labour and no riotous working hours (CRR, 2008)Tesco has with four other global retailers formed the Global Social Compliance Programme to develop a code of practice. The GSCP has agreed a draft Reference Code between the 25 leading retailers and manufacturers currently involved. Next steps involve the development of an audit checklist to ensure the Code is interpreted consistently around the world (CRR, 2008). In 2005 Tesco appointed a Code Compliance Officer to act as a get hold of point for suppliers in case they have complaints and dont want to discuss these with Tesc o buyers (CRR, 2008). Tesco participates in multi-stakeholder groups on corporate responsibility issues like Business in The Community, The Ethical Trading Initiative, the Carbon Roundtable, GM Freeze Roundtable, Forest Stewardship Council sellers Group, British Retail onsortium Corporate Responsibility Policy Advisory Group and the DEFRA Climate leaders Group. The Executive Committee, Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compliance Committee are to help guide and monitor the set policies.ConclusionFrom the above discussions, it can be concluded that Tesco faces some severe in-coherence in its market and non market environments. On several issues such as environment the company has identified opportunities and taken many interesting (and active) initiatives, whereas in other instances the company behaves quite re-active. This corresponds with the in-coherent nature of its internal alignment strategy. The company is having difficulties with aligning some active intents, expressed through its KPIs with a re-active strategy (Tulder et al., 2007). Major challenge for Tesco, therefore, is how to become coherence through increased coordination and sustain the transition towards a more pro-active approach.ReferencesEthical trading initiative. Downloaded from http//www.cleanupfashion.co.uk/companies/tesco.php. as of 9th certify 2010.Tesco CSR 2009 report. Downloaded from http//www.investis.com/plc/cr09/crr09.pdf as of 5th demonstrate 2010.Tulder, R. van, M. Bleijenbergh, M. Danse, R. Wiersinga and M. Torppe, (2007) CSR Business Models and change trajectories in the retail industry. Downloaded from http//www.fairtradegemeenten.nl/uploads/password/december%202009/CSR%20business%20models.pdf as of 5th ring 2010.Tesco intelligence Article 6 (2007). Downloaded from http//www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/news/? paginate=article6 as of 6th March 2010.Tesco regulatory news part 2 (2008). 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Outdoor learning its importance for childrens development

exterior(prenominal) acquisition its richness for infantrens educationWhen growing up I loved run a expressioning come forthside, in the local park or macrocosm rejoindern to m whatsoever country parks by my father. I phase my ego as universe lucky to retain gr take in up in a generation where short-changeing come to the fore-of-door(prenominal)s was a fixture occurrence, where boys and girls fulfiled together in sashayed ability and mixed age groups. Having had deuce churlren myself I motivati geniusd to continue the great experiences that I had in the open-air(prenominal)(a)sy(prenominal)s with my father. that I noniced a difference in the focal point that they and their friends accessed the divulge-of-doors. Both my children atomic act 18 boys but they still accessed the exterior(prenominal)s separate than from apiece otherwise and girls that they turninged with in every bailiwick had sufficiently contrary ideas somewhat the open air . Having discovered that boys and girls every seemed to baffle different ideas roughly the outdoors I wanted to investigate this come along. I grumpyly wanted to understand any differences in the expression they accessed the outdoors as I remember universe distinctly referred to as a tom boy.Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal in that location has been much seek foc dropd on the outdoors, outdoor shirk, and outdoor education including sustainability and recreation activities. Taylor and Morris (1996) suggest thatOutdoor accomplishment is an important and constituent(a) theatrical role of a high-quality early childhood education curriculum. (pp 153)There ar numerous another(prenominal) skills encompassed inside the term outdoor play or outdoor eruditeness, consequently before parachuteing in that location is the compulsion to try and shape the term outdoor play or outdoor scholarship. The Institute for Outdoor Learning (IOL) (2009) suggests that the term outdoo r accomplishment is a broad rule that whoremonger encompass play, education, skills, sustainability and the inherent purlieu and whitethorn be referred to as experiential knowledge for children which takes place deep down the outdoors. additionally The Collins face Dictionary (2009) refers to outdoor as the open air (pp 412), to play as occupying oneself in a game or recreation (pp 442) and to learning as hiting a skill or knowl acuity by practice (pp 337) thitherfore outdoor play could be defined as engaging oneself in a game or activity outside where you bem single-valued function nonice assoil new skills and noesis. Consequently doneout this paper the term outdoor learning pull up stakes be intaked to refer to outdoor education, outdoor play and outdoor recreation activities.This interpret give encompass the usage of outdoor learning including its grandness for childrens teaching, the rubber eraser and adventure mingled in childrens outdoor learning an d the anxiety that this stirs for c bers, gender outs relating to how boys and girls use the outdoor learning environment, and geographical, fraternity and soci sufficient perspectives focusing on the impingement that they foundation use up on a childs involvement with outdoor learning. To nourish with we will cover the business office of outdoor learning.The grandeur of outdoor learning and the beliefs that it contributes to childrens fuck offment and progress date back to Rousseau (1762) and Froebel (1826). These beliefs set about been continued, explored and researched in depth with new emphasis being placed on Forest Schools and outdoor learning. Philosophies and theories about outdoor learning tend to focus on the instinctive environment and the effect that this can have on childrens development. (Frost 1992, Fjortoft, 2001and 2004, Bilton, 2004, Lester and Maudsley 2006, Forest didactics Initiative 2007, Tovey 2007, and White 2008a)Boyd (1963) writes of Rousseau and how he was one of the first people who advocated developmentally appropriate education. Rousseau (1762) in addition wrote of the importance of growing up in the countryside and how this would create a to a greater extent natural and healthy environment than the city. Froebel (1826) advocates the need for children to be provided with places to play where they can be nurtured and developed through experiences with the natural environment. Stevinson (1923) and Macmillan (1927, 1930) also promote the need for children to be in the outdoor environment. MacMillans The nursery school and The nursery school garden articulates the need for children to have eject movement and experiences at bottom the natural orbit around them.Much attention has also been attached to the need for children to play and learn in the natural environment and the important role that outdoor learning plays in childrens ontogeny, development and social skills. (Stevinson 1932, Fjortoft and Sageie 2000, Rile y 2003, Bilton 1994, 2004, Callaway 2005, Moore and Wong 2007, Joyce 2007, Shackell et al. 2008, and Balls and Burnham 2008) Stevinson (1932), McMillan (1930) and much recently Frankel (2007) have stated that natural outdoor environments ar good for the health and development of children and the improvement that playing outside has on childrens tautness, behaviour and speaking and listening. They have also suggested that we should provide suit fit provocative environments where new provocations and opportunities are do potential.Studies have also been make and have shown that children benefit in other physical ways from playing in the outdoors and the natural environment. imperative effects and implications on motor development much(prenominal) as labyrinthine superstar and co-ordination which will help children master their own bodies abilities in relation to the natural physical environment have also been recognised (Fjortoft 2001 Lester and Maudsley 2006). Dowling (2006) believes that outdoor learning can support childrens development and is a natural way of learning in an environment which is full of sensory experiences. The Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) (2004) and the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (2005 and 2008a) have also stated that outdoor learning can give depth to the curriculum and can enhance childrens physical, social and wound up development. Although much has been written that advocates the role of outdoor education it has been difficult to visualise a arena that disputes the role of outdoor learning in the development and education of children.Despite this demo Edgington (2002) and Fjortoft (2004) believe that much of the developed orb and on a micro-level some practitioners have neglected the use of the outdoor environment. They suggest that this can be delinquent to twain weather connect issues and concerns over the potential risks touch on with playing and learning in spite of appearan ce the outdoors. Certainly, my own experiences in backgrounds have shown that when the weather is bad the practitioners and the children stay inside, on plainly one occasion have I seen practitioners and children outside regard little of the weather. Additionally consideration needs to be placed on childrens safety when bear on in outdoor learning.Numerous people have suggested that todays children do not have free access to the outdoors due to parents concerns over safety and risk. Perceived problems such(prenominal) as traffic and fear of crime or abduction have led to parent anxiety which can have a profound effect on childrens play and has led to many children being kept at home safe from disability (Ball 2002, Por 2od 2005, Palmer 2006, Tovey 2007, Carruthers 2007, DCSF 2008b, and White and Stoecklin 2008). barely at that place is considerable discourse about the need for children to encounter risk. However we should also consider the difference between risk and post in hurt of childrens safety and development. RoSPA (2010) identifies a hazard as something that has the potential to cause harm and risk as the likelihood that harm from a particular activity or hazard will actually be realised. By helping children to understand the risks involved in certain activities they can begin to make communicate choices regarding their actions as Cook and Heseltine (1999) stateChildren need altercate so that they can learn about risk, their own capabilities and to develop the tool for judging it in controlled settings (Cook and Heseltine, 1999, pp 4).Joyce (2007) also states that encountering risk helps children to learn about responsibility. The DCSF (2007, 2008c, and 2008d) stock the need for children to experience a balance between risks and fun. They suggest that not everything should be do safe and that children need to recognise and understand about risk as it is an essential part of growing up. Conversely Stine (1997) and nickname (2009) suggest tha t we should try to make things as safe as possible but still facilitate childrens risk taking. They acknowledge that by allowing children to take risks we will enable them to learn respect for the environment, keep themselves safe and develop competence. However Stephenson (2003), Carruthers (2007) and Sandester (2009) have suggested that too many safety issues about risks within childrens play are leading to too many rules and regulations which have made it difficult for practitioners to provide suitable activities, implicating that making a setting hazard free will make it challenge free. Despite this fact many other researchers have discussed the importance of rules, regulations and risk assessments. They agree that using risk assessments and involving children within this subroutine will ensure children s safety, whilst still allowing practitioners to raise adventurous and risk taking activities. (Bilton 2002, 2004, Callaway 2005, White 2008a, and Knight 2009) Nevertheless Bac he (2006) comments that risks are exaggerated and that all children no matter how well supervised will undertake some risk. Furthermore where a child lives whitethorn impact on their attitudes towards outdoor learning.Within the literature reference is also made to geographical, community and social issues in relation to outdoor play or the lack of it. Hart (1979), Nabhan and Trimble (1994) and Garrick (2004) have all commented on and researched childrens outdoor play and their envisionings showed that geographical perspectives such as having access to wild areas or a simple garden played a part in the way children accessed the outdoors within their immediate and wider environment. They also highlighted the importance of having experiences with nature and the stirred experiences and intimacy children can develop from this such as a sense of place and belonging. Additionally Valentine and McKendrick (1997) suggest that although many cities and towns provide children with formal fac ilities such as playgrounds most children would prefer to play in flexible environments such as open spaces and waste ground. However we should also consider the social factors in regards to childrens outdoor play.In reference to social issues Tizard, et al. (1976) acquireed a study that showed children from working class backgrounds opted to spend 75% of their cartridge clip outside and that their co-operative play was more evident outside than inside. They also wrote of how working class children were more likely to play outside than middle class children. Millard and Whey (1997) also conducted studies on children in English housing estates and findings from their interviews and contemplations of children highlighted childrens enjoyment of physical wide awake outdoor play and the opportunities that it gave them to socialise. However Carruthers (2007) writes of how many children no matter of their class outside of school hours and without adult supervision would naturally gravi tate towards outdoor spaces and the natural environment where they would make their own games. Saracho and Spodek (1998) have also written about social classes and outdoor play and how children from working class backgrounds are more mature in their outdoor play and that their attention spans and concentration are much greater when playing outside than those of children from middle and stop number class backgrounds. However these are only two perspectives and there is no other research evidence to any support or retract these findings. Besides which deliberation of childrens gender should also be taken into aim in call of outdoor learning.Gender foc utilise studies have highlighted play choices made by boys and girls when playing and learning outside and inside. Many have concluded that boys undertake more physical play outdoors, whilst girls are more sedate. Suggestions have also been made that boys somemultiplication tend to dominate the outdoor space and that there can be danger that outdoor spaces can come to be seen as boys territory. This has reflected gender stereotyping found in other studies about how boys and girls make choices within their play. (Tizard et al. 1976, Sanders and Harper 1976, Braggio et al. 1978, Hart 1978, Lott 1978, Henninger 1985, Bates 1986, Hutt et al. 1989, McNaughton 1992, Cullen 1993, Bilton 2004, Jarvis 2007, and Maynard and Waters 2007) There has been insufficient research to disclaim these findings and all found research has shown that there are gender differences in the way children play.The literature suggests that great importance has been placed on the outdoor and natural environment and how it provides rich opportunities for the growth and development of children. There has also been much written about the adults role and the type of environment that practitioners should provide. This has not been covered within this literature fall over but we need to take note that these play a epochal role in the way childr en will access the outdoor learning environment. There has been some reference to social and geographical issues and how these could aid or hinder childrens views of what the outdoors may provide for them. Significant research has also been placed on risks and safety and whether two parents issues and beliefs and practitioners beliefs have had an impact on the way that children within our society are accessing the outdoors. However gender issues have only touched upon the choices that children make when playing outdoors. This has led to me believing that there is a need to understand if there are differences in the way that girls and boys actually access the outdoors do boys spend more measure outside than girls? Are the children hindered by what is on offer?This study is foc utilize on crystalliseing a deeper understanding on each of these issues in two early years settings.Chapter 3 MethodologyThis chapter will identify the methods and techniques that have been used to gather the basal research for this study and the context in which the study was undertaken. Firstly the overall methods that have been used to collect entropy will be discussed and explained using a rationale. Next it will conduct any issues of harshness and reliability during the research process. Finally the ethical issues which may rally will be identify and any measures that have been taken to channelize these will be discussed.This research study will use both quantitative and soft methods to discover whether there are any differences in the ways that boys and girls access outdoor learning. The qualitative research will be obtained through semi-structured interviews with foundation stage practitioners and non-participant observations of children engaged in outdoor learning. price (1987) refers to qualitative selective information asUnderstanding individuals perceptions of the world. (Bell, pp 4)Bell (1987) has identified one way in which qualitative research may be suited to t his study. Through the use of interviews and non-participant observation this study will be concerned with listening to, observing and understanding individuals. Nixon (1981) suggests that studies involving children should be most suitably researched using qualitative methods such as observations and interviews. As this study is child based using interviews and observations will provide rich and deep selective information which in turn will enable me to to the full comprehend both practitioners perceptions and childrens integration with outdoor learning.Despite this two quantitative methods (questionnaire and tally graph ) were also used within this study in order to suck in numerical selective information in regards to the amount of time spent outdoor learning by both boys and girls and the types of activities that they undertook when outdoor learning.As discussed this study uses quadruplet different methods of data sight interviews, non-participant observations, questionnair es and tallies. hence my study encompasses different sources of evidence to compare and combine in order to reach a founder understanding of my research question. Cohen (et al.) (2000) refer to this as triangulation. Roberts-Holmes (2005) suggests thatTriangulation gives the researcher the opportunity to separate out their evidence from a range of sources (Roberts-Holmes, 2005, pp 40)By using triangulation within this study I will be able to back up and enrich numerical data with information about the participants and their explanations and understandings. The data collection methods for this study will now be discussed in more dilate outlining the advantages, harms and rationale for each.3.1 ObservationsThe first and second methods of data collection for this study were qualitative and quantitative observations. These observations were carried out in two different settings in Kettering these were a Nursery setting and a Reception setting within a old school. Nisbet and Entwis tle (1974) suggest that when trade union movement observations the percipient needs to make them self invisible so that they do not affect the detect. To do this you need to have previously met the children and as closely as possible preserve the homogeneous procedures for observation as the setting you are conducting your research in. consequently the researcher made sure that she attended the settings on a number of occasions before conducting the research so that she was able to build relationships with the children beforehand and inhibit the reactivity effect.Greig et al. (2007) believe that observations are helpful in two waysobserving a child in the natural environment will give the research a real world edge direct experience facilitates the researchers ability to understand complex individuals and situations (Greig et al. 2007, pp 122)As this research was designed to find out how individual children access outdoor learning, observation provides an ideal base to start from. They will also provide many insights into the first hand experiences of the children.However as Scott and Morrison (2006) propose observations may beAffected by the values and judgements brought to the observation by the observer (Scott and Morrison, 2006, pp 168)The observer may have a specific agenda and see what they want to see, however the researcher in this flake had conducted many previous observations and was able to observe the children naturally leaving the specific agenda of differences between boys and girls behind. The observations were carried out in a way that all children were treated as and observed as individuals. Despite the many disadvantages of observations especially the amount of time consumed paternity the observations up they did enable the researcher to gain an insight into the childrens outdoor learning. The use of quantitative observations in the form of tally charts also enabled the researcher to gain numerical data which added more depth to the study.3.2 Semi-Structured InterviewsThe second method of data collection for this study was semi-structured interviews. These were conducted with the practitioners at each setting where the research was carried out. The interviews aimed to find out the practitioners views of the way the children within their care accessed outdoor learning and if they had state any specific differences between boys and girls. One of the important reasons for choosing semi-structured interviews as a research method was that they can provide a more individualize preliminary and as Bell (2005) suggests adaptability. By using a semi-structured approach to interviews the researcher was able to take on the role of facilitator by petition set questions but also allowing the development of any issues as they arise throughout the interview.Roberts-Holmes (2005) recommends that when conducting an interview you must have a sound knowledge of the subject that you are researching so that you can remain focuse d and conduct an cognizant interview. Through completion of the literature review the researcher was able to identify secern areas which would need clarifying during the interview process. Also by conducting a face to face interview any misunderstandings on the part of the interviewer or interviewee could be checked and clarified immediately.However a disadvantage of the semi-structured interview according to Opie (2004) and Bell (2005) is the danger of prejudice creeping in (pp 166). They suggest that this can occur in many ways either intentionally or unintentionally and by selecting questions which are phrased to support your argument. This was a difficult process to go through and the questions were written and re-written many times to ensure that they were not pre-conceived in anyway. Therefore this issue was turn to within the research process.Additionally there is also the issue of the time involved in scribing the interviews, arrangement times to suit all the individual s involved and gaining informed take over. These issues were addressed by firstly writing to the settings involved and asking for their consent to be interviewed. (See appendix) Furthermore arranging times and places which would suit the individuals helped in the process of the interview. In regards to time related issues although transcribing the interviews was time consuming, the researcher did however gain particular insight into the way these practitioners identified outdoor learning in terms of the children in their care.3.3 QuestionnairesThe third method of data collection for this study was questionnaires. These were sent to parents of children within the two settings used for this study. The questionnaires aimed to give numerical data to this study. This data was gained by asking closed questions stating amounts of time children spent outdoors and how they played when outdoors. However open questions were also used so that parents or carers could expand on their findings, and so resulting in more detailed data and also possibly identifying other issues which may not have been addressed by the researcher. Furthermore the researcher used questionnaires as they seemed to be less time consuming especially within a time circumscribed study such as this. Moreover it could be suggested that questionnaires are honest as the researcher is not able to influence the answers. However, Scott and Morrison (2006) suggest that there is the potential for questionnaires to have potential bias build into them through the researchers agenda. When draftsmanship the questionnaire there were extreme difficulties in phrasing the questions so that they were not aslant towards the researchers own agenda. However after many draft copies and conducting a voyage of the questionnaire the questions became less sloped and more open towards the respondents.Bell (2005) suggests that a further disadvantage of the questionnaire is the non- solution. However in this instance the researcher sent out one hundred questionnaires and received seventy five back this in itself could be seen as a disadvantage in terms of the time needed to collate all of the data. Despite the disadvantages of this method of research, the high response to the questionnaires enabled the researcher to obtain numerical and qualitative data.3.4 Selecting the Settings and sample childrenThe researcher chose to turn out out the research in two early years settings which gave children free flow access to the outdoors. This allowed the researcher to observe children without any limitations in regards to the way children access the outdoor learning that is available to them.The settings were a sure start nursery and a reception unit within a primary school, which gave the researcher access to a range of ages of children to observe, as there may also have been differences regarding age as to how the children accessed outdoor learning.The settings were also elect as they were known to the res earcher which meant that professional relations had already been built with staff at the settings. However, although these relationships were already in place, this was not regular and there was no personal contact with the researcher which may have biased the study.The practitioners involved in the interview process were also chosen from the two settings involved within the study. The practitioners involved had many years of experience within the early years and in regards to childrens development. This meant that they were able to give the researcher a deeper insight and understanding in to the way they had seen children access outdoor learning in their prospective settings.The children involved in the research were randomly chosen from the children whom the researcher had been given permission to observe. However to ensure an even mix of children within the research two boys and two girls were chosen from each setting which meant that eight children were involved overall. After the eight children were chosen their parents/carers were informed over again and they were also made aware of their right to bring back their child at anytime.3.5 Validity and ReliabilityCohen et al. (2007) define legality as anImportant key to effective research for if a piece of research is invalid accordingly it is worthless (pp 133)They suggest that inclemency can be addressed through the depth and scope of the data attained and in the extent to which triangulation has been used. Therefore the issue of validity has been addressed through the use of many different techniques to research the study. This will give the researcher greater confidence in their findings especially if they all result in the same conclusion.Additionally in terms of qualitative data consideration needs to be given in regards of respondents answers to questionnaires as their opinions and perspectives will contribute a degree of bias within the study. However Agar (1986) argues that the in-depth respon ses and involvement of respondents in the research will secure a sufficient level off reliability and validity. On the other hand Cohen et al. (2007) argue that this may be insufficient and therefore the data collected must be redeative in terms of the question to be answered in order to have validity. This issue of validity has been addressed in terms of the types of questions asked in both the questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.As this study involves both qualitative and quantitative data and Cohen et al. (2007) suggest that in terms of reliability these are both different, the researcher will strive to address issues in both contexts. In regards to quantitative data both Bell (2005) and Cohen et al. (2007) suggest that the type of data collection used needs to be able to be reproduced and present similar findings in order for it to be reliable. The questionnaires used in this study are easily reproduced and may give similar findings, however there may also be the case that the results may not be entirely similar as they represent individuals opinions which will differ on every occasion that the questionnaires are reproduced.Brock-Utne (1996) promotes the use of qualitative research and recognises the holistic approach that it gives to research studies and suggests that the reliability in this case can be seen as dependability. Moreover Cohen et al. (2005) suggest that observations if carried out especially if they can be repeated and are given the same interpretations can also be reliable. Therefore the methods of observations and interviews can be both reliable and dependable however again there is always the opening night that different outcomes may be gathered depending on the times, settings and individuals involved in the observations.The research within this study can be deemed both valid and reliable due to the triangulation methods used and that each method of research used can be easily replicated and completed again and again with the volume showing similar findings. Additionally all of the research methods used are directly related to the question identified and as Burton et al. (2008) promote the validity and reliability of any research carried outWill be mostly determined by the extent to which the findings are directly related to the issues or problems identified at the outset..the selection of appropriate methods and how systematically the have been utilize (pp 168)Also the disadvantages and advantages of each method of data collection used in the study have been thriftyly considered before being used within the context of this study.3.6 Ethical IssuesAny researcher should consider ethical issues when conducting primary research with people as Burton et al. (2008) advise all researchers have one shared responsibility and that is a duty of care to all individuals involved in the research process. BERA (2004) is an association which sets out specific guidelines for researchers who are undertaking educatio nal research they to propose that researchers need to ensure that no harm comes to the participants. BERA (2004) also establishes that the researcher should ensure that all participants within the research are fully aware of their rights and roles. Bell (2005) agrees with this and also suggests that researchers need to gain informed consent from all participants involved within the study. This issue was addressed by communicating with all participants their rights and confidentiality before the research was undertaken. Letters were sent to each setting included within the study which clearly outlined the study and asked for consent to carry out interviews and observations (Appendix ), telephone calls were also conducting in regards to arranging times. Another ethical issue outlined by BERA (2004) is thatIn the case of participants whose age.may limit the extent to which they can be expected to understand or agree voluntarily to undertake their roleIn such circumstances researchers m ust also seek the collaboration and approval of those who act in guardianship (pp 7)This issue was addressed by the researcher sending out letters to all parents/carers or guardians of the children within each setting asking for their consent for their child to be observed. The letters outlined the study, confidentiality and anonymity, and the right to say no or to withdraw from the study at anytime. Parents/ carers or guardians were also informed again if their child was chosen for the research and again were informed of their right to withdraw their child at any time. (Appendix )BERA (2004) and Bell (2005) also recognise the importance of making sure that any participants involved in the study are not put under any stress, discomfort or impingement during the research process. This issue was addressed by the researcher visiting both settings on a number of occasions so as to reduce intrusion and for the children to become familiar with another adult in their setting.retainer also needs to be given to the questionnaires used and the ethical issues ring this. The researcher made contact with the participants of the questionnaire through covering letters. These letters fully informed the participants of the outline of the study and how the data collected from the questionnaires would be used participants also had the right not to reply and to withdraw their information at any time throughout the process of the study.In conclusion due to the time limitations and small scale of this study there are dancing to be limitations of the research process, some of which were discussed previously. However much deliberation and careful consideration was given to the reliability and suitability of the research methods used, which provided both q

Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotskys Z unmatched of proximal DevelopmentLev Vygotsky views collaboration with peers as an effective way of outgrowth. He suggests that much cooperative acquire activities should be utilize in the schoolroom in which less cap able-bodied students develop with assistance and bet on from much(prenominal) inner peers, within their z matchless of proximal exploitation. In other countersignatures, according to Vygotsky, the assess becomes internalised through actual relations between the students (Vygotsky, 197857) and success in full performed.In one of my English Literature lessons, I taught a group of Y11 plump for quarrel perkers how to answer and analyse a question victimization PEER (Point evince Explain Reflect) technique. The students were revising exam-type questions and had to be ready for analysis. I started with a evidence activity from the novel I am the King of the Castle. With some ahead(p) questions, I started analysing the gratuity, involving the students in finding evidence, linkers, explanation, etceteraAs soon as the students were delegate with an various(prenominal) task, the majority of them (7 out of 10) were able to perform with no ch eachenges due to their prior cognition and vocabulary. On the other hand, the ripe students were not able to follow the critical task unaided. Therefore, they were paired with more(prenominal) able students to practise analysis, finding evidence, explaining and evaluating. The less able students were doing it correctly till the point when more criticality needed. With a brusque aid from a more competent peer, they developed conceptual analyzeing.In future lessons, given a similar task, students testament be able to perform with more combine and once it is internalised, scaffolding major power be channeld. I think as a conceptual tool for instructors the ZPD is very helpful in evolution a curriculum which will ch entirelyenge students learning and enable them to enquire it o verly helps instructors in effective grouping of students where less able students grass achieve with some guidance and avow from more competent students. Finally, the ZPD might be helpful in assessing students abilities in order to decide their form group distribution.=====================================================================================In this specific lesson, I military personnelaged scaffolding the group of Y11 second language students to draw up in effect. My main objective was how to salve interesting, imaginative and profound texts, using appropriate and effective vocabulary. (The lesson objectives were taken from the Writing Assessment Foci (AF1/AF7) of the depicted object Curriculum.) Due to the different ability level of students, I demonstrated all the instructional options summarised by Wood, (1988).In the video clip, David Wood explained evidently the inequality between contingent pedagogics and scaffolding, highlighting that scaffolding is a get goinging(a) analysis of the kinds of activities that a instructor might undertake to simplify the students learning whereas contingency is approximately interaction, process, its how teachers go about of supporting a objet darticular individual when they argon setting out to learn. Therefore, I snarly all the five instructional options as formulas of scaffolding.I introduced the lesson objectives and outcomes of writing effectively, and appoint the students to write a one line description of a man who is grimace coldly. My verbal instruction was to scent at their partners work on and analyze their responses, ensuring that the blames matched the assessment foci. The more competent students performed very headspring because of their pre-existing acquaintance of literary devices, sentence structure, effective vocabulary, and the ability to look at the context, whilst the less capable students used very simple and unsubdivided sentences. At this point, I come through d some prompt by asking them to write a one line description of a man who is smiling coldly, using the word ARCTIC. This time, the students besides worked individually and upon their task completion, I asked them to comp atomic number 18 their responses with the model sentence on the board Mr. Fisher had a smile of arctic brightness. While working as a class and analyze their sentences, the students thence had to consider how the description worked there, what literary devices were used to make the sentence more effective.Obviously, a few of the students with less competence could have a sentence with the word arctic because they did not know what it meant. I then provided a thesaurus support, asking them to first look up the word and then, using some other techniques of personification or imagery and protective(predicate) sentence structure to construct a sentence, which meets the objectives of the lesson. The students still struggled with the use of a simile, metaphor, etc. th erefore, a group of more knowledgeable students was swapped to provide support to those less competent peers by sharing their examples, reinforcing the use of literary devices, using effective vocabulary and correct structure. With the additional support, the students came up with a mutation of sentences. They were also provided with a checklist of expected skills they needed to accomplish the task. This was done as a class work, thoroughly read and explained. In Woods terminology, this was a stage where I demonstrated contingent teaching with the features of interactive instruction. I indicated the material and prepared them for the assembly.The rest of the lesson was spent in condense on exploring the necessary skills in writing and the students were assigned with a last task of writing a character description using one of their carefully crafted sentences as a starting point.To sum up, I should dictate together Woods possibleness of scaffoldingGeneral vocal Prompt (GVP) was given throughout the lesson to give instruction and introduce the topic, etc.Special Verbal Instruction (SVI) was given as well when the students had to construct their own sentences and compare them either with their partners or with the model. Even though this work was done individually, the students still could do this unaided, due to their pre-existing knowledge.Indicating Material (IM) was the neighboring step when I suggested the use of a dictionary, constantly reminded the students of the AFs, objectives of the lesson, and provided the assistance of more competent students to help to successfully accomplish the task.To prepare for the assembly of the net writing piece using literary devices, appropriate and effective vocabulary, and an effectively written text, the students were distributed a checklist and framework of expected skills researchd during the lesson.A demonstration (DEM) of how to write imaginary and thoughtful sentences using an effective word choice was als o used throughout the lesson by sharing model sentences with all the students to drive on their work and understanding.Throughout the lesson, there was a varied level of teacher interaction supporting the students to internalise the knowledge and complete the task successfully, at which point, the teacher should have not intervene. The following lesson aimed at peer marker and spotting mistakes and the discussion of the skills acquired during the previous lesson.=====================================================================================Child-centred learning has been advocated by several upbringingalists and psychologists for numerous years. Its basic emphasis is churlrens individual interests and needs in education, which whitethorn vary in terms of festering rates and the nature of the teachers control. The term child-centeredness is related to childrens individual needs and decisions about the curriculum and the teachers role in the classroom. However, since child phylogeny theories vary, child-centred learning also varies in a classroom.Pioneers in child development theory, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygostsky, observe considerable differences between cognitive and cordial constructivist theories assigned to each individual child and the social context of play in their development. They both support the idea of knowledge construction by individuals. However, Piaget believes that knowledge is a product of the individual and the environment. Vygostky, on the other hand, advocates the idea that knowledge is constructed due to social interaction and then internalised by guidance.Piaget and Vygostky differently advance the relationship between learning and development Piaget believes that development follows learning, whilst Vygotsky shows that learning films to development and plays a vital role in it. He nations that the only nigh(a) learning is that which is in advance of development (Vygotsky, Mind in auberge and the ZPD, 2002113). Both theo rists emphasise, though, that peer interaction and cooperation supercharge childrens learning. Since Piagets and Vygostkys child-centred approaches vary greatly, their implication in a classroom varies as well. Piagets approach relies on the liberty of children and appropriate environment for learning, where children learn by exploring things by themselves. Those with Vygotskys approach, provide a balance between teacher-directed and child-initiated classroom, where teachers provide assistance to ensure that the children are able to attain a high level within their ZPD.Other theorists, John Dewey and Maria Montessori, have also played a signifi cleart role in child-centred learning theory development. Despite the similarities in their belief that some guidance is heavy for children to help them develop their intelligence, they both have different perspectives about the role of childrens freedom in education and the teachers role in the classroom. Dewey believes that democratic sc hooling is found on child-centeredness where learning means experiencing. beingness a progressivist, he believes in the development of the ability in children to process well in the larger democratic society and attain individualized fulfilment. Dewey emphasises that the construction of childrens freedom of intelligence via observation is more important than their freedom of will. Therefore, he summons up the teachers to act as a representative of the childrens interests as a whole. They should piddle self-control in children, which will assist the teacher to understand the aim of education.Montessori, by contrast, sees teachers representation in the support they give to the children rather than in their dignity. She believes that tidy environment and appropriate materials will advance childrens development. Teachers, therefore, should prepare motives and proclaim children to develop without any direct instruction.I think the combination of all four theories is beneficial f or my understanding of child-centeredness in education and in conceptualised classroom layuations. Piagets cognitive constructivist theory helps me understand when children have freedom to explore and construct knowledge, they make choice and experience. Vygotskys social constructivist theory can help me understand childrens ability to develop with adult guidance to attain their ZPD. Deweys understanding of childrens freedom of intelligence to promote learning will assist me how to nurture this with guidance for each individuals constant growth. Finally, Montessoris support of each childs potential to have inner drive to learn, will help me remove all the obstacles that impede learning.=====================================================================================Nowadays, Early classs Education (EYE) has a smorgasbord of their foundation in the work of Montessori and her critics W. Kilpatrick and J. Dewey. A confident Early Year practitioner should be aware of the ways how children learn and develop support them in solving problems and making decisions and provide them with practice and roles to enhance learning.The Montessori regularity has been partially embraced by the International Community School in Amman, Jordan, where I am currently working. Some of the pedagogic principles, however, have not been certain by the school administration due to their understanding of the method as purely academic, mechanistic and rigid. Below, I will demonstrate the aspects which are currently practised in the school, and which I, a Secondary Teacher, have discover as part of my EC in Lower Primary.One aspect of approximate practice in Foundation Stage of the school is that the teachers go for activities in sensory rich environment. The students are guided and support to learn to interact and thus develop independent learning. In this environment, the children choose their activities and learn by doing. Montessori believes that training senses is fundamental and that it will promote the basis for the development of imagination. According to her, intellect should be developed early, through stimulation of senses, as a basis for the development of imagination and social relationships (Montessori, 1964). The FS teachers do fool this aspect of learning because they find it fruitful students become prepared for KS1 as self-directed, independent students, who are able to perform and master inter-connected and contest tasks.On the other hand, W. Kilpatrick argues in his book The Montessori method Examined (1914), that imagination and social relations should be developed before the intellect because the premature development of the intellect can stifle creativity. Kilpatrick believes in the opposite that providing children with socially knowledgeable environment will create a spontaneous unity of groups to work out their tasks. This suggests that children will develop their imagination and social relationship by cooperating with each other. The FS teachers apply this aspect of learning in their classroom as well, believing that only through their teachers consideration and suggestion (p.20) can the students assist socially and learn effectively.Another aspect of good practice utilised by the FS teachers is the childs liberty. Montessori believes that students free choice and freedom on the educational playground can be advantageous and can promote their free self-expression. This is practised in my school with caution, however. The teachers as well as Kilpatrick believe that too much liberty will not lead to right conduct (p.23). He emphasises that in the effort to suppress impulses, a certain amount of positive pain association (punishment) will prove necessary (p.24). Thus, having acquired a positive self-expression with the guidance and support of the teacher, the child develops self-discipline and proper conduct (p.24).Finally, one more aspect of good practice applied in FS of my school is that the students exerc ise practical disembodied spirit in their classroom. Activities like cooking, cleaning, serving, setting tables, washing hands, constructing, etc. become so intrinsically meaningful that the students develop their potential to perform these tasks with interest and concentration. Utilising this approach, teachers create the Montessori model which is the school should fit the needs of the students. This means that the Montessori curriculum is based on the students spending a lot of time taking part in different sessions of uninterrupted activities, which last several hours. These activities contain a variety of independent and group-solving tasks related to different subjects maths, science, music, geography, etc. Here, Kilpatrick agrees with Montessori that schools should function more definitely as a social institution, adapting itself to its own environment, utilising more fully actual-life situation (p.41).In contrast to a Montessori classroom, the FS classrooms are NOT complica ted age, but are counterparts. This is why the teachers mix the children according their abilities when less-able students are supported by more capable students.To conclude, our students are a combination of the Montessori Method and a modern democratic school, where the childs day is a mixture of activities, starting from unstructured approach where the students play and learn independently and ending with highly structured approach where the tasks are teacher-directed and there is little play. Other activities are focused learning, when students are guided by the teacher and play and learn via experiential activities and finally, the activities are child-initiated, when students interact sensibly and sensitively in a supportive and enabling environment. All these approaches are used by Early Year Foundation Stages (EYFS) in international schools in Amman.=====================================================================================Freires views explicitly recognise the relationship between education and knowledge. He emphasises that liberal education would build on the knowledge resources and agency of learners departure education consists in acts of cognition, not transferals of information (Freire, 2002366).In Jordanian education system, however, the raison detre of liberation education lies in its didactic approach of teaching the banking concept of education where teachers are depositors and students are depositories. The system heavily relies on memorisation techniques, which is done for the academic performance. Students are required to learn from sevener to ten subjects within the period of two years. At the end of the two-year, they sit for the end-of-year external examinations. The students learning styles involve a lot of writing and memorising the classes are teacher-centred and in transferals of information the content is massive and should be covered in a two-year period and time constraints are obstacles to interactive lessons. within this short time framework, students and teachers work hard to cover the content of learning, which is overwhelming. They pomposity their absolute ignorance towards the oppressed situation and fail to respond to the essence of cognisance. They also fail to recognise cognition and thus, do not present an authentic form of thought and action. (p.366)Problem-posing education would liberate Jordanian state school students if they were taught facts of the reasons and means of humans existence if teachers regarded dialogue as a precondition to cognition if students were taught how to think critically if they built their understanding on creativity, etc. I believe the Jordanian education system would be one of the best if they accepted individuals as historical beings to clearly let in their present, past and their willingness to wisely build the future (p.367).

Different Types Of Faults and Viruses Essay

unlike Types Of Faults and Vir white plagues EssayIn todays modern society the pulmonary tuberculosis of technology is immensely increasing. Technology is progressively becoming a obligatory transcription that we use in e very(prenominal)(prenominal)day life whether thats exploitation laptop calculators, phones or computing devices, we use these types of artifices in the main due to the implausible service technology bring home the bacons much(prenominal) the variant types of performances and besides the well cognize internet. Statistics suggest that laptops and computing devices atomic number 18 a very putting sur frontality type of technological device than whatever early(a) gadget princip in ally due to its stability, capacity, simplicity, and portability.Having a figurer requires a lot of cargon ready reckoners whitethorn come across different types of faults which support be time devour and frustrating to endure. There argon several symptoms a reckoner /laptop git experience when being under threat such(prenominal) has non being able to down dispatch anything, very slow browsing or ready reckoner wont come on precisely this place be avoided by installing firewalls/anti-virus package system.P3 Different types of faultsViruses-Viruses are very common in interrupting a computer while it is used in an activity of almost sought-after(a), Viruses inflict damage by multiplying its self on to a nonher programme with come forward the substance absubstance ab drug users allowance which then results in the virus doing anything it wants such as destroying a programme and downloading inappropriate content. A virus squeeze out occur by surfing a non- trustworthy site, opening spam mail or clicking on fake adverts. A typical virus would mainly entree the hard drive of a computer which nookie result in deleting important knowledge/ data. There are many viruses that stick out pass over a computer such as macro viruses, File infector s etcetera erroneous belief messaging-Error messages imply that a computer has rejected a reliable demand that a user has issued for a specific reason, for precedent when arduous to load or save files you whitethorn get an out of memory dialogue box, or when demonstrateing to access websites the computer whitethorn respond with an access denied dialogue box. prejudice of service- dismissal of service is a certain malfunction while trying performing an operation. Example of Loss of service can be failure in accessing the internet or the system shutting down, or a certain component of the computer is not responding such as the newspaperman, scanner, unable to share resources with other computers or that you cannot interact with other computers.Poor public presentation-Poor performance is the slow result from the system such as on the internet a certain webpage may take a long time to load or a computer is unable to obey a specific command.In my opinion the internet is the mo st successful and useful resource in order to get a ascendant for faults because the internet has unlimited data so if you were looking for discipline the internet will almost undertake you a worthy find.How to re purpose these faultsViruses Viruses can damage your system in many ways, shape or form, you should hand a help desk in which you will be consulted by an experienced technician if not then tour forums where people are in the same situation can help, FAQS (frequently asked questions). some other solution can be downloading anti software or firewalls such as Norton. If you are determined to succeed without having to invest then you may consider opening up the computer and trying to align the issue.FAQLoss of service A certain component of a computer may not be functioning e.g. scanner, if this issue occurs the user should refer to the manual of arms(a) springn with the scanner at purchase or looking at informative books on a possible solution, or maybe discipline trouble shooting guides, you may need to contact your manufacturer for assistance.Error messages- This type of fault is very frequent when trying to perform a feature procedure, nurture trouble shooting guides may be helpful, reading manuals upon the issue or maybe notifying a technician.Poor performance a computer may take a long time to load an application such as the internet a user should contact the local administrator for assistance.When buying a computer a user should invariably make sure they break the essential package to adjust faults such as having firewalls and antivirus software etc, and they should unendingly have the links on where to go if these types of problems occurP4- Source technical instruction to provide advice and charge for a variety of faults.Viewing different sources of development can always help to find a solution to different types of faults, when buying a computer you should consider analyzing what the computer does, its security etc. A user is always given instruction manuals at purchase which are very important because a user may find out how to solve the problems they are having such as poor performance. Alternatively if a manual does solve the issue then a user should consider other options. Below are explanations of each type of sources of trainingSources of technical informationFAQs Frequently asked questions or FAQs is an online source which lists the most common questions and answers that are found on a problematic situation. FAQs can be written concerning any subject, they are written by users who have become some sought of an expert in a particular field which they have been in themselves in which they have found the solution.Fault records it forbids a register of all of the faults that occur, it includes when a fault occurs, why it occurred what do to do solve it. specializer expertise an expert can be the outdo source to reanimate a fault because they can gain a better disposition when they have visual indication and then they can solve the issue.substance abuser manuals The main purpose of user manuals which can also be known as user guide is to provide assistance and clarity when using a particular system, object or item. The information a manual supplies is usually written by a professional technological writer. skillful forums Technical forums can be known as an online conversation in the midst of different users regarding a specific issue they have experienced. This can be an efficient method when finding a solution because in that respect are millions of internet users throughout the world so you are bound to find someone who has had the same issue and that you can seek advice and help from them yet you can come across answers that may be biased.Product stipulation A product specification consists of a document that includes the raw veridical that will be used to make this product, and all the required characteristicsIf a users computer fails to operate, viewing FAQs can help and actually going to the authorized company of your computer can help, manufacture lend a study hand in going in to depth with these issues. For example if you have a Compaq laptop or computer and are experiencing difficulties such as faults you can contact the company on their website and shout them about this particular situation. http//www.compaq.com/cpq-country/uk/en/cpq_support.html.A computer is almost guaranteed to experience poor performance once which is when a web page does not load or that something is not loading. When a users computer lacks speed it is best to notify a professional technician to make adjustments to the system or possibly upgrading your computer can increase speed. Since my computer is from the company Compaq I would use this source of information on how to increase speed/clearing any junk despatch the system, http//www.compaq.com/country/articles/index.html.Browsing sites, opening spam mail can now and then allow viruses to enter the system m ainly the hard drive which can result in deleting important data. Re booting the system can be an option if a user does not want antivirus software yet this action may result in data being deleted. Downloading antivirus software or firewalls are the biggest help to defend against viruses. A common anti virus software used by many can be Norton since they provide outstanding protection against spyware and virus programs. http//us.norton.com/antivirus.Loss of service can be very time consuming and costly if a device of your computer does not work such as printer. A solution can be reading the manual you got with the device at purchase, contacting a specialist or maybe opening up the device yourself and trying to solve the issue. The best solution can be contacting the manufacturer of your computer and inform them.Error message dialogue boxes are often displayed when you try to perform a certain operation, there are different types of phrases which fork out an break message has occu rred such as access denied and File not found. Reading trouble shooting guides can help, open user forums, but in a different scenario, if you are using a Microsoft application and it fails to obey your demand, you may come across a send error report dialogue box in which you can actually address Microsoft regarding this issue, I believe this is the best cure if you are experiencing these type of faults with Microsoft. moreover if when experiencing error messages while using windows, I believe this source of information may be able to satisfy a users needs. http//en.kioskea.net/faq/113-windows-error-codes-and-how-to-fix-themP5 and P6 Use different discourse routes to provide advice and guidance, respond to end users. converse is a snappy ingredient needed in everyday life, lack of conversation can disrupt many people/ organizations in their bid to achieve to their full moon potential. Communication is a method primarily used to distribute information for a certain purpose wheth er that can be physically, orally, verbally etc communion can deliver a users factual material, opinions, theory, predictions through to the public. The most common methods of communicating can be through telephones, e-mail and face to face.Communication can be categorized into three main categories which are telephone, email and face to faceCommunication passing through telephone can be known as verbal communion, because as a technician a user is not visible through the telephone but wrangle are still used to communicate with the user. It is easy to distribute information through telephone because a user can hear your advice on how to address a specific issue, but through this process there are many issues that a user and technician can encounter such as connection failure and loss of signal. In some cases communication via telephone will not help due to the user having only some degree of knowledge on how to solve an issue. This therefore concludes that it is best for a technici an to tackle the matter themselves.Communication through face to face talking can also be known as verbal communication. This type of communication is a more efficient method of understand an issue than any other because a user can translate visually the full extent of the issue. A user can give an in-depth insight regarding the problem through talking face to face. This type of communication enables the technician to gain a visual and physical understanding of the issue e.g. printer not connecting, which then can lead to technician taking away the computer and addressing the subject. Below is an example of a face to face conversation drug user helloTechnician Hi, so what is the issue regarding your computer?User I installed a certain programme on my computer (Microsoft word older version) and it seems to keep freezing every often, it keeps saying not respondingTechnician do you use your computer very often if so how long?User yes I use my computer for all sorts of studies and als o my nephews play a lot of computer games on the PC.Technician first of all if your nephews are playing on the computer, always make sure you close the game windows because this can take up the processing power, memory or maybe even try uninstalling them because they can contain harmful viruses. And also make sure that the software you are using is compatible with your windows. Confirm that your PC holds the minimum requests for the software you are using for example the base score of your computer must exit the software score, if it barely exceeds the software this may cause your computer software to be erratic, the following link describes the base score for a computer and how to match a specific software you would like to use. http//windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/What-is-the-Windows-Experience-IndexUser convey you very much for your help, I believe if have found the solution to my issueEmail communication is a written type of communication which demonstrates an issue thro ugh a written document. This type of communication media is very different from the others because the user or technician does not have the benefit of vowelize modulation nor can the recipient receive any form of visual indication, providing the user with a source of technical information may not be certified to use can be an issue, when emailing a user should always be specific about the issue they are suffer if not then a response from a technician can provide information best suited for a different problem.End users oppugn concerning a faultA technicians repartee regarding the faultFAQWhy does my computer freeze overtime?What do i do to clean my system?How often should I clean my system?Why cant i run more than 3 applications at once?Information for technicians reply obtained from http//www.microsoft.com/atwork/maintenance/speed.aspxhttp//cobweb2.louisville.edu/faculty/regbruce/bruce//mgmtwebs/commun_f98/Verbal.htmhttp//www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000528.htmBottom of Formht tp//windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/What-is-the-Windows-Experience-Index

Fighting For Our Love Ones Essay -- essays research papers

In todays world, most families have a issue matchless struggling to live with cancer,HIV, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. nigh of us, here in the United States, have watched a love one endure the perturb of chemotherapy, uncontrollable muscle spasms, or blindness. Our love ones not only suffer physical pain, but mental anguish as well. Ourdying loves ones be at war with our Federal Government. They are fighting for a chance at a better choice of life. They are fighting for the legalization of marijuana for medical checkup delectation. Until marijuana is legalized for medical use, our love ones are pull ind to break the practice of faithfulness."my gift to my hubby, John Joseph who died last year.At the end of his life, my husband was wracked with pain from lung cancer. Marijuana was one medication that protrudinghis intense pain, and nausea during chemotherapy. But, to get marijuana to help JJ, we had to break the law.my husbands ability to tolerate chemotherapy after a coupleof puffs of marijuana extended his life and improvedhis quality of life (1)." That was an excerpt from a letter written by Anne Boyce to the voters of California for the passage of Proposition 215. In 1996, Proposition 215 was a proposed legislation in California that makes it legal for doctors to govern marijuana to terminally ill patients. Proposition 215 was passed by the voters of California, but patients who use marijuana could still and are prosecuted by our Federal Government.Anne Boyce broke the law in order to obtain marijuana for her dying husband. AnneBoyce, a lxvii year old Registered Nurse, is not your typical criminal, now is she?          Nevertheless, if Anne Boyce was caught by the law enforcement, she would be punished to the fullest extent of the law. Federally, possession of even one common carries a upper limit penalty of one year in prison house (7). Cultivation of even one plant is a felony, with a m aximum sentence of five years (7). Is this fair? Anne Boyce and others like her are lawful citizens, but they or someone they love are suffering from a grave illness, and legal pharmaceuticals do not ease the pain. So, they are force to break the law. Wouldnt you do the same for your love one? I know I would. There is a subscribe to for a change.          "I often drove her to the ho... ...he new millenium, the United States is well equipped with engineering science to address and to solve these problems.     How can we help our love ones deal with the pain and agony of a deadly disease? How can we improve the quality of their lives? The answer is simple. Marijuana has been proven to be therapeutic, to have countless medical benefits, and to be remarkably safe. The medical use of marijuana needs to be legalized. It would be monitored just like any other controlled substance. This solution is easy. Legalizing marijua na would go through the same procedure as the other medically prescribed substance.      It is up to us. We, the people of America, need to follow in the footsteps of Anne Boyce as well as the voters of California. We need to write to our Congressmen. Let our Senators and our Representatives know of our wishes, our rights. We need to talk a stand. Follow the advice of a once gr erase President, doubting Thomas Jefferson, who once said "if people let the government decide what foods they eat and what medicines they take, their bodies will soon be as in sorry extract as are the souls of those who live under tyranny."

Affliction :: essays papers

Affliction Affliction, based on the novel by Russell Banks, was very interesting, mysterious, and kept you guessing up until it was over. The actors/actresses portrayed in the movie was walk Whitehouse (Nick Nolte), walks girlfriend Margie Fogg (Sissy Spacek), Glen Whitehouse (James Coburn), Rolfe Whitehouse (William Defoe), Lillian (Mary Beth Hurt), Jill (Brigid Tierney), and turd Hewit (Jim True). The movie begins by Rolfe Whitehouse (William Defoe) narrating the movie most a phone call he received from his brother, wade Whitehouse (Nick Nolte), the night after Halloween, which was what lead up to Wades mysterious disappearance. victimization a narrative approach in the movie was an excellent preference for the plot. It made you feel as if something was going to take place in this town, further no clues were given. In the movie Defoe not only does the narration, but also plays Wades (Nick Nolte) brother. Defoes fiber grows up, moves away and becomes a schoolteache r. This was something different for Defoe, but by using a quite and soft-spoken tone it made his character fit smoothly into the plot. Flashing bear to the night of Halloween. Wade is driving Jill his daughter (Bridgid Tierney) to her ex-schools Halloween festival. It is self-explanatory Jill does not want to be there. She feels that her father is very confused and mixed-up. After Wade and Jill get into an argument, Jill calls her mom to come get her. When Lillian (Mary Beth Hurt) Wades ex-wife arrives, it is obvious that Wade doesnt want Lillian (Mary Beth Hurt) to give birth custody of Jill. Which caused him to seek lawyer for custody of Jill. During the movie Wade Whitehouse states his love for his daughter many times. It would have helped to have flashback scenes, to feel Wades emotions and urging to be a good father. The setting takes place during the winter in a miniscule town in upstate New Hampshire. The director made a good move by using the effect of winter and snow, which contributed to the character of Wade Whitehouse. The gloominess in the midst of winter made Wades depression, loneliness, and uncertainty about his life come together. Although, you would of thought that Jack Nicholson would of played in this type of movie, but Nick Nolte came through did his self-justice by portraying Wade Whitehouse in the movie.